WAEC SSCE - Commerce - 2000

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When a country's total visible and invisible exports are more than its total visible and invisible imports, it has a favourable balance of trade. This means that the country is exporting more goods and services than it is importing, resulting in a surplus. The balance of trade is an important economic indicator that shows how much a country is producing and consuming relative to its trading partners. A favourable balance of trade can lead to increased economic growth and employment opportunities in the exporting industries, while an unfavourable balance of trade, where a country imports more than it exports, can lead to a trade deficit and potentially lower economic growth. The balance of payments is a broader measure that includes not only visible and invisible trade but also other types of financial transactions between a country and its trading partners, such as foreign investment and loans.

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The deliberate and sustained efforts to maintain a good image of a company is known as public relations. Public relations involve managing the communication between a company and its stakeholders, including customers, investors, employees, and the public. The goal is to maintain a positive image of the company and promote its reputation through various channels, such as media relations, community outreach, and events. Public relations also involve crisis management, which is the process of handling negative publicity or issues that can harm a company's reputation. By using various communication strategies, public relations help companies build and maintain strong relationships with their stakeholders and promote a positive image of the company.

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A merchant who wishes to order goods from a foreign country sends an indent. An indent is a written request or order for goods sent by a buyer to a seller, especially for goods that are not in stock or are manufactured to order. In international trade, an indent is commonly used by a merchant to request goods from a foreign supplier or manufacturer. It specifies the quantity, quality, description, price, delivery terms, and other details of the goods requested.

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Branding is a tool for marketing and building a strong identity for a product, service, or company. A brand is a name, term, design, or symbol that distinguishes one product or service from another. A strong brand can help a company stand out from its competitors and create a loyal customer base. Branding can be used as a tool for competitive advertising by highlighting the unique features and benefits of a product or service. A strong brand can also help to create consumerism by building a positive reputation and trust with customers. Marketing research can be used to develop and refine a brand's message and image, ensuring that it resonates with the target audience. Pricing policy can also be influenced by branding, as a strong brand can command higher prices and increase the perceived value of a product or service. Overall, branding is a powerful tool for companies to differentiate themselves from their competitors, build trust with customers, and create a strong identity for their products or services.

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A counter-offer in a contract is regarded as a rejection. This is because a counter-offer is a response to an initial offer that changes the terms of the original offer. It essentially ends the original offer and proposes new terms, which the original offeror can choose to accept or reject. As such, a counter-offer represents a rejection of the original offer, and the offeror is no longer bound by the terms of the original offer.

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The price reduction based on the size of an order is called a "Trader Discount." A trader discount is a reduction in the price of goods or services that a buyer receives based on the quantity of the goods or services purchased. The discount is usually given as a percentage of the total purchase price, and the larger the order, the greater the discount. The purpose of a trader discount is to incentivize customers to purchase larger quantities of goods or services, which can benefit both the buyer and the seller. For the buyer, the discount can result in lower per-unit costs, while the seller can benefit from increased sales volume and revenue. In summary, a trader discount is a price reduction that a buyer receives based on the quantity of goods or services purchased. The larger the order, the greater the discount, and the purpose of the discount is to incentivize customers to purchase larger quantities of goods or services.

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Tax laws are not a means of consumer protection. Tax laws are implemented to generate revenue for the government and are not specifically designed to protect consumers. Consumer protection refers to the measures taken by governments and businesses to ensure that consumers are not harmed by the products or services they purchase. Price control, Sales Goods Act, and Trade Description Act are examples of measures taken to protect consumers. Price control ensures that businesses do not overcharge consumers, the Sales Goods Act protects consumers from faulty or damaged goods, and the Trade Description Act prevents businesses from misleading consumers about the products or services they offer.

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The term used to describe when an insurance company indemnifies the insured and takes over his rights is "subrogation". In simple terms, it means that after the insurance company has paid out compensation to the insured for a loss, the company assumes the right to pursue legal action against any third party responsible for causing the loss. This allows the insurance company to recover the amount they paid out to the insured. For example, if a car owner's vehicle is damaged due to the negligence of another driver, the insurance company may pay the owner for the damage caused, and then pursue the at-fault driver for reimbursement through subrogation.

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Commerce can be defined as trade and aids to trade. Commerce is the process of buying and selling goods and services, and it includes all the activities involved in bringing products from the producer to the consumer. Aids to trade are the services or activities that facilitate the process of buying and selling, such as advertising, transportation, warehousing, and insurance. Commerce encompasses both wholesaling and retailing, which are two main types of trade. Wholesaling involves selling goods in large quantities to retailers or other businesses, while retailing involves selling goods to the final consumers in small quantities. Therefore, commerce is a broader concept that includes both trade and aids to trade.

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The total value of fixed and current assets is referred to as "capital employed." This represents the total amount of capital that a business has invested in its assets in order to generate revenue. Fixed assets include items like buildings and equipment that are used in the long-term operation of the business, while current assets include items like inventory and accounts receivable that are expected to be converted into cash within a year. By adding these two types of assets together, we get the total amount of capital that the business has employed in its operations.

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A means of payment through the post office is a Money Order. A money order is a payment order that is issued and guaranteed by a post office, allowing the recipient to receive a specified sum of money. It is a secure and convenient way to send money through the mail, especially for those who do not have access to traditional banking services. To obtain a money order, a customer visits a post office and pays the desired amount plus a small fee. The post office then issues the money order, which can be sent through the mail to the recipient. The recipient can then cash the money order at their own post office or deposit it into their bank account. Overall, a money order is a means of payment through the post office, providing a secure and convenient way to send money through the mail, particularly for those who do not have access to traditional banking services.

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The agreement to transport goods is a contract between the shipper and the carrier which sets out the terms and conditions of transportation. It is not a document of title that can be used to claim ownership of the goods. Among the options given, the agreement that is not a document of title is a "charter party." A charter party is a contract between a shipowner and a charterer for the hire of a vessel to transport goods or passengers. The charter party does not give the charterer any ownership or control over the vessel or the goods being transported.

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Mortgage bank encourages people to save towards owning a house. Mortgage banks are specialized financial institutions that provide home loans to individuals and also accept deposits from them. They offer various mortgage schemes that allow people to save towards owning a house, such as fixed-rate mortgages, adjustable-rate mortgages, and interest-only mortgages. By encouraging people to save towards owning a house, mortgage banks help to promote home ownership and increase access to affordable housing.

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The production of goods in anticipation of demand is possible because of the existence of warehousing. Warehousing allows manufacturers to produce goods in advance and store them until demand arises. This helps to reduce the cost of production, as production can be done in large quantities, taking advantage of economies of scale. Warehousing also ensures a steady supply of goods to meet fluctuating consumer demands. Additionally, warehousing enables manufacturers to efficiently manage their inventory and distribution network, reducing the likelihood of stockouts or overstocking. Overall, warehousing plays a vital role in ensuring the smooth flow of goods from manufacturers to consumers.

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When an insurance company indemnifies the insured and takes over his rights, this is known as subrogation. In simpler terms, subrogation is a legal right that allows an insurer to step into the shoes of the insured and pursue any third party who may have caused the loss or damage to the insured property. In other words, the insurance company pays for the damages incurred by the insured and then takes over the insured's rights to pursue the responsible party for compensation. This is done to prevent the insured from receiving a double recovery and to allow the insurer to recover its losses.

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In a Public Limited Liability Company, equities are referred to as ordinary shares. Ordinary shares represent part ownership in the company and entitle the shareholder to vote at shareholder meetings and to receive dividends when the company distributes profits. Ordinary shares are also known as common stock. Preference shares are a different class of share that typically have fixed dividend payments but do not carry voting rights. Authorized capital refers to the maximum amount of share capital that a company can issue, while called-up capital refers to the portion of the authorized capital that has been issued and for which payment has been called up by the company.

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The total value of fixed and current assets is called "capital employed". It represents the amount of money invested by the business in its fixed assets, such as property, equipment, and machinery, as well as its current assets, such as inventory, accounts receivable, and cash. Capital employed is an important metric for businesses because it reflects the amount of resources they have at their disposal to generate profits. It is calculated by subtracting current liabilities from total assets.

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The financial institution refers to an establishment that manages financial transactions, such as loans, investments, and deposits. Therefore, the option that is not a financial institution is the Commodity Board. A commodity board is an organization that manages the production and marketing of specific commodities, such as coffee or cotton, and does not deal with financial transactions.

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The retirement insurance policy that enables the assured to receive income for a specific period is called an "annuity". An annuity is a contract between an individual and an insurance company where the individual pays a lump sum or periodic payments to the insurance company. In return, the insurance company guarantees to make periodic payments to the individual starting immediately or at a future date. An annuity that is designed to provide a specific amount of income for a specific period, usually until the individual's death, is referred to as a "fixed term annuity."

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A refund of the duty collected on goods imported and processed for re-export is called Excise Drawback. Excise Drawback is a refund of the duties paid on imported goods that are subsequently processed and re-exported. When a company imports goods that are intended to be used in the production of exported goods, they can apply for an excise drawback. The refund is equivalent to the duties that were paid on the imported goods, and it serves as an incentive for companies to engage in export-oriented production. The process of claiming an excise drawback involves providing evidence that the imported goods were used in the production of exported goods. Once the evidence is provided and the claim is approved, the company receives a refund of the duties that were paid on the imported goods. Overall, an excise drawback is a refund of the duties paid on imported goods that are subsequently processed and re-exported, providing an incentive for companies to engage in export-oriented production.

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Tax laws are not a means of consumer protection. Tax laws are rules and regulations that govern the collection and payment of taxes by individuals and businesses to the government. Consumer protection refers to the actions taken to safeguard the rights of consumers against unfair practices by businesses, such as false advertising, deceptive pricing, and unsafe products. The other options mentioned, such as price control, Sales Goods Act, and Trade Description Act, are all examples of consumer protection measures aimed at ensuring fair and ethical business practices and protecting consumers from harm.

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The price of goods is not contained in an advice note. An advice note is a document that is sent by a supplier to a customer to inform them that goods have been dispatched. It contains information such as the types of goods, the quantity of goods, the date of dispatch, and the means of dispatch. However, it does not contain information about the price of the goods as this is usually communicated through a separate document such as an invoice.

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Cumulative preference shares are a type of preference shares where unpaid dividends are carried forward to the next financial year. This means that if the company is unable to pay the dividend in a particular year, it is added to the unpaid amount from previous years and is paid out in the future when the company can afford it. Therefore, the correct option is "Unpaid dividends are carried forward". The other options are not applicable to cumulative preference shares.

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The deliberate and sustained efforts to maintain a good image of a company is known as public relations. Public relations refer to the strategic communication efforts made by an organization to establish and maintain a positive relationship with the public, including customers, employees, investors, and other stakeholders. The main objective of public relations is to build a strong reputation for the company and to promote a favorable image of the organization. This is achieved through various activities, such as media relations, events, sponsorships, and other communication efforts that are designed to enhance the organization's visibility and credibility in the eyes of the public.

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In a public Limited Liability Company (PLC), equities are referred to as ordinary shares. Ordinary shares are issued to the shareholders who invest in the company, providing them with the right to vote on company decisions and receive a portion of the company's profits, known as dividends. PLCs are companies that have offered their shares for sale to the public, and are required to issue a prospectus to provide information to potential investors. The authorized capital is the maximum amount of capital that a company is permitted to issue under its memorandum of association, while the called-up capital is the amount of capital that the company has requested from shareholders to be paid up. Preference shares are a type of share that entitles the holder to a fixed dividend and priority over ordinary shareholders in the event of liquidation, but generally do not carry voting rights.

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A specially crossed cheque is not a means of payment in foreign trade. A specially crossed cheque is a cheque that has two diagonal lines drawn on its upper left-hand corner. This type of cheque can only be deposited into a bank account of the named payee and cannot be cashed over the counter. In foreign trade, payment is usually made through telegraphic money orders, letters of credit, or debit transfers, as they are more secure and efficient. Therefore, the correct answer is Specially crossed cheque.

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When a country's total visible and invisible exports (money it earns by selling goods and services to other countries) are more than its visible and invisible imports (money it spends on buying goods and services from other countries), it has a favourable balance of trade. This means that the country is earning more foreign exchange than it is spending, which is generally considered a good thing for its economy. Favourable balance of trade is often seen as a part of the broader concept of balance of payments, which refers to the record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a period of time. Therefore, when a country has a favourable balance of payments, it means that it is earning more foreign exchange than it is spending over a period of time.

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The information on terms of carriage of mails is found in the post office guide. A post office guide is a publication that contains information on postal rates, regulations, and services provided by the postal system. It provides detailed information on the terms of carriage of mails, including delivery standards, postage rates, restrictions, and other relevant information related to mailing services. Therefore, if you need information on the terms of carriage of mails, you can consult the post office guide.

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A doctor would be classified under the category of "Direct services" occupations. This is because their primary occupation is to directly provide medical services to patients, which is a form of direct service. Doctors are highly trained professionals who diagnose and treat illnesses and injuries, prescribe medication, perform surgeries, and provide advice and guidance to their patients. Therefore, they provide a direct service to their patients, making them fall under the category of direct service occupations.

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Cumulative preference shares have the feature that unpaid dividends are carried forward to the next period. This means that if the company is not able to pay dividends to the shareholders in a particular year, the unpaid dividends are accumulated and carried forward to the next year. This ensures that the shareholders receive their dividends eventually, even if the company faces a temporary setback. In contrast, non-cumulative preference shares do not have this feature, and if the company is unable to pay dividends in a particular year, the shareholders simply miss out on the dividends for that year. Therefore, cumulative preference shares are considered to be less risky than non-cumulative preference shares, and they generally offer a lower rate of return to the shareholders.

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The marketing activity that stimulates immediate demand for a product is called sales promotion. Sales promotion is a marketing strategy that is designed to encourage customers to buy a product or service by providing them with an incentive to do so. These incentives may include discounts, coupons, free samples, or other promotions that are designed to make the product more attractive to customers. The goal of sales promotion is to increase sales in the short term by creating a sense of urgency or excitement about the product. Unlike advertising or publicity, which are designed to build long-term brand awareness, sales promotion is focused on generating immediate sales. It is a key element of many marketing campaigns and can be an effective way to boost revenue and increase market share.

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A quotation is sent in reply to a letter of enquiry. When a potential customer sends a letter of enquiry requesting information about the price, quality, or availability of goods or services, the supplier usually responds with a quotation. A quotation is a formal statement of the supplier's offer to supply the requested goods or services at a specific price, usually valid for a limited time period. It includes the quantity, description, and unit price of the goods or services, as well as any other terms and conditions of the offer. The potential customer can then decide whether or not to accept the offer and place an order.

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The deliberate and sustained efforts to maintain a good image of a company is known as public relations. Public relations involve managing communication between an organization and its stakeholders, including customers, employees, investors, and the general public. The goal of public relations is to create and maintain a positive image of the company and its products or services, build trust and credibility with stakeholders, and protect the company's reputation in the event of a crisis or negative publicity. This is done through various activities such as media relations, community outreach, events, and social media.

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A doctor would be classified under the Direct Services class of occupation. Direct services refer to occupations that involve providing a service directly to clients or customers. Examples of direct service occupations include doctors, teachers, and hairdressers. These occupations involve a direct interaction with the customer, often requiring specialized skills or training. In the case of a doctor, they provide medical services directly to their patients. They diagnose and treat illnesses and injuries, and provide preventive care and health education. The work of a doctor requires specialized training and expertise, as well as a high level of responsibility and accountability. In contrast, extractive occupations involve the extraction of natural resources, such as mining or fishing. Commerce occupations involve buying and selling goods or services. Indirect services refer to occupations that support direct service or extractive activities, such as administration or transportation. Overall, a doctor would be classified under the Direct Services class of occupation, given their role in providing direct medical services to patients.

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A merchant who wishes to order goods from a foreign country sends an "Indent." An indent is a formal document that is used to order goods from a foreign supplier. It is also known as a purchase order or a letter of intent. The indent includes details such as the type and quantity of goods required, delivery dates, payment terms, and shipping information. The indent serves as a written agreement between the merchant and the supplier, which ensures that the supplier knows exactly what goods are required and when they need to be delivered. This helps to avoid any misunderstandings or disputes that may arise during the transaction. In summary, when a merchant wishes to order goods from a foreign country, they send an indent, which is a formal document that outlines the details of the transaction and serves as a written agreement between the merchant and the supplier.

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A cargo liner is used for moving only goods from one sea port to another. Cargo liners are ships that are designed to transport cargo in containers or other forms of packaging, rather than passengers. They are typically used for long-distance shipping and are capable of carrying large quantities of goods, such as raw materials or finished products. Cargo liners are an important part of the global shipping industry, which is responsible for transporting the vast majority of international trade. While ocean liners and ferries can also carry cargo in addition to passengers, cargo liners are specialized for the transportation of goods and are often larger and more heavily built than other types of ships. Coasters, on the other hand, are ships that operate along a coastal route, and typically carry both passengers and cargo.

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A consignment note is used when goods are dispatched to an agent through transporters. It is a document that accompanies a shipment of goods and provides details about the contents of the shipment, the parties involved in the shipment, and the terms of the shipment. It serves as proof of receipt of the goods by the carrier and is used to track the shipment from its point of origin to its destination. The consignment note includes information such as the name and address of the sender and recipient, a description of the goods, the quantity and weight of the goods, the mode of transport, and any special instructions or requirements for the shipment.

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The method of sending messages by the teleprinter is called "telex". Teleprinter machines are used to send and receive messages over long distances through a network of interconnected telex exchanges. The messages are sent by typing them on a keyboard, and they are received by printing them out on a paper tape. Telex was widely used for business and official communication in the 20th century, before being replaced by modern electronic communication methods such as email and instant messaging.

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(a) Itinerant trading is the act of selling goods or services while traveling from place to place. The following are five features of itinerant trading:

1. Mobility: Itinerant traders are mobile and can move from one location to another. They do not have a fixed place of business but instead rely on traveling to find customers.
2. Limited inventory: Since itinerant traders are mobile, they have limited space to carry their inventory. They typically carry a small selection of goods that are easy to transport and sell quickly.
3. Informal set-up: Itinerant traders often have an informal set-up, such as a cart or a stall, which they can easily set up and take down. This allows them to quickly move to a new location if sales are slow.
4. Price flexibility: Itinerant traders may have more flexibility in setting their prices compared to fixed-location businesses. They may be able to offer lower prices to customers in areas with less competition or adjust their prices based on the local demand for their goods.
5. Customer interaction: Itinerant traders rely on building relationships with their customers since they may only see them once or infrequently. This means that they often have a high level of customer interaction, which can help build loyalty and increase sales.

(b) A supermarket is a large retail store that sells a wide variety of goods, including groceries, household items, and personal care products. The following are five features of a supermarket:

1. Large inventory: Supermarkets typically carry a large inventory of products, with many options for each type of item. This allows customers to find everything they need in one place.
2. Organized layout: Supermarkets are usually organized into sections, with similar products grouped together. This makes it easy for customers to find what they are looking for and navigate the store.
3. Self-service: Unlike some smaller stores, supermarkets are usually self-service. Customers can choose the items they want and pay for them at the checkout.
4. Competitive pricing: Supermarkets often have low prices due to their ability to purchase products in bulk and sell them at a high volume. This can attract customers who are looking for value and affordability.
5. Convenient hours: Supermarkets typically have longer hours than smaller stores, making it easier for customers to shop when it is convenient for them. Some supermarkets are even open 24 hours a day, providing customers with even more flexibility.

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