JAMB UTME - History - 2021

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The administration that favored decolonization as self-determination of African states was the Murtala/Obasanjo regime. This administration was in power in Nigeria from 1975 to 1979. General Murtala Mohammed was the military head of state, and General Olusegun Obasanjo was his deputy. The Murtala/Obasanjo regime was known for its Pan-Africanism and commitment to the liberation of other African countries from colonial rule. The administration strongly supported the movements for independence and self-determination in southern Africa, particularly in Angola, Mozambique, and Zimbabwe. The regime also took a leading role in pushing for the end of apartheid in South Africa. The Murtala/Obasanjo regime was instrumental in establishing the Frontline States, a group of southern African countries that were committed to the liberation of the region from colonial rule. The regime provided military and financial support to the liberation movements in these countries, and also hosted meetings and conferences to coordinate their efforts. In summary, the Murtala/Obasanjo regime favored decolonization as self-determination of African states, and actively worked towards the liberation of other African countries from colonial rule.

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The division of the Sokoto Caliphate into emirates was primarily due to geographical reasons. The Sokoto Caliphate was a vast empire that covered a large area of what is now Northern Nigeria, and it was ruled by an Islamic leader known as the Sultan. However, as the Caliphate expanded, it became increasingly difficult for the Sultan to effectively govern such a large territory from one centralized location. Therefore, the Sultanate was divided into smaller emirates, each with its own Emir who was responsible for administering the affairs of the local population in his domain. This helped to bring governance closer to the people, making it easier to provide for their needs and address their concerns. While the Sokoto Caliphate was established through a Jihad war led by Usman Dan Fodio, the division of the empire into emirates was not due to this war or the autocratic rule of Dan Fodio. Instead, it was a practical solution to the challenge of governing a large and diverse territory effectively.

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Indirect rule was first practiced in India before it was introduced to Nigeria. Indirect rule is a system of governance where a colonial power rules a country through traditional rulers and local institutions. It was first introduced in India by the British during their colonial rule. The British adopted this system of governance to save on the cost of administration and also to make it easier to control their colonies by using local rulers and institutions to implement their policies. The British then introduced indirect rule to Nigeria in the early 20th century, after they had gained control over the country. They used traditional rulers and local institutions to help them govern the country, rather than ruling directly from the colonial center. The system was also used in other British colonies, including Malaya (now Malaysia) and Sudan. In summary, the practice of indirect rule was first introduced in India before it was later adopted in Nigeria and other British colonies.

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The amalgamation of the Northern and Southern protectorate of Nigeria took place on 1 January, 1914. This was when the British colonial government merged the two separate territories of Northern and Southern Nigeria into one administrative unit. The aim of the amalgamation was to create a more efficient and centralized administration, and to better exploit the economic and natural resources of Nigeria. The merger was largely an administrative one, and did not immediately lead to a unified sense of national identity among Nigerians. However, it was a significant event in Nigeria's history, as it paved the way for the country's eventual independence in 1960.

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Arabic is a regional language of the Omani Empire. The Omani Empire was a powerful Islamic state that controlled vast territories across the Middle East, East Africa, and South Asia from the 17th to the 19th century. Arabic is the official language of Oman and has been spoken in the region for centuries, making it a regional language of the Omani Empire. The Arabic language played a significant role in the spread of Islam and the development of Islamic civilization, which was an important aspect of the Omani Empire. Today, Arabic is still widely spoken in Oman and is an important part of the country's cultural heritage and national identity.

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The Ogiso dynasty in Benin failed due to a combination of factors, including economic disorder, weakness and dependence on rulers, and resentment against the system. During the Ogiso dynasty, which lasted from approximately 900 BC to 1170 AD, the rulers of Benin were regarded as divine and enjoyed significant power and wealth. However, over time, the economic system became increasingly disordered, and there were growing tensions between the rulers and the people. In addition, the rulers became increasingly weak and dependent on their subordinates, who often acted as de facto rulers. This weakened the overall authority of the Ogiso dynasty and made it more vulnerable to internal and external threats. Finally, there was growing resentment against the system, as many people felt that the rulers were abusing their power and failing to provide adequate protection and support for the people. This led to growing unrest and eventually contributed to the collapse of the Ogiso dynasty. Therefore, it was not just one factor but a combination of economic, political, and social factors that contributed to the failure of the Ogiso dynasty in Benin.

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The Abacha regime oversaw the termination of Ernest Shonekan's government. Ernest Shonekan was appointed as the interim head of state by Ibrahim Babangida, who had stepped down from power in 1993. Shonekan was appointed with the mandate to organize new elections and return Nigeria to civilian rule. However, his government was short-lived as it was overthrown by Sani Abacha's military regime in November 1993, just three months after his appointment. Abacha assumed the position of military head of state and dissolved all democratic institutions, effectively ending the transition to civilian rule. Therefore, the correct answer is Ernest Shonekan.

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Sierra Leone gained its independence in 1961. To put it simply, gaining independence means that a country is no longer controlled by another country. In the case of Sierra Leone, it was a British colony, which means that the British government was in charge of the country. However, after years of struggle and resistance by Sierra Leonean activists and politicians, Sierra Leone became an independent country in 1961. This means that the people of Sierra Leone were finally able to govern themselves and make their own decisions about how their country should be run.

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The indirect rule system succeeded in Hausa/Fulani society primarily because the existing administration favored the system. The British colonial government recognized the existing hierarchical and decentralized political structure in the society and chose to rule indirectly through local rulers instead of imposing direct rule. Additionally, the fact that many people in the society received Islamic education also facilitated the acceptance of the system, as it aligned with the Islamic principle of submitting to legitimate authority. The size of the region or whether the society was practicing anarchy were not the main factors contributing to the success of the indirect rule system.

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The first sets of imperialists who attempted to colonize Ethiopia were Italy and Egypt. In the late 19th century, both countries sought to expand their colonial empires in Africa, and Ethiopia was one of the few African countries that had managed to maintain its independence. In 1895, Italy launched an invasion of Ethiopia, seeking to establish a colony there. The Ethiopian army, under the leadership of Emperor Menelik II, fought back and defeated the Italian army in the Battle of Adwa in 1896. Later, in 1935, Italy, under the rule of Benito Mussolini, launched another invasion of Ethiopia, which they succeeded in occupying for a few years before being defeated by the Allied powers during World War II. Egypt also attempted to colonize Ethiopia in the late 19th century, but their efforts were unsuccessful.

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The Mfecane, also known as the Difaqane, was a period of widespread chaos, violence, and displacement in Southern Africa in the early 19th century. It was caused by a combination of factors, including the rise of the Zulu kingdom under Shaka, droughts, and the arrival of European settlers. Estimating the number of deaths during the Mfecane is difficult because of the lack of reliable records and the fact that many people were displaced and may have died of starvation or disease. However, historians and researchers generally agree that the number of deaths was significant. Based on the available historical records and estimates, it is generally believed that the number of deaths during the Mfecane was somewhere between 1 to 2 million people. However, it is important to note that this is a rough estimate, and the actual number may be higher or lower. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is: - Over 1 to 2 million people died in the Mfecane war.

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Mai Dunama Dibbalemi was considered the greatest ruler in the Kanem Borno Empire. He ruled the empire from 1221 to 1259 CE and during his reign, he expanded the empire's territory, strengthened its military, and oversaw a period of cultural and economic growth. Dunama Dibbalemi was known for his military prowess and strategic alliances, which allowed him to conquer neighboring territories and extend the empire's reach. He also established a new capital city, Njimi, which became the center of political and cultural life in the empire. Under his leadership, the Kanem Borno Empire became one of the largest and most powerful states in West Africa. In addition to his military and political accomplishments, Dunama Dibbalemi was also known for his support of learning and scholarship. He invited scholars and intellectuals from throughout the Islamic world to his court, and he sponsored the translation and study of classical texts in fields such as astronomy, mathematics, and medicine. This patronage of learning helped to make the Kanem Borno Empire a center of intellectual and cultural exchange in the region. Overall, Dunama Dibbalemi is considered the greatest ruler in the Kanem Borno Empire due to his many achievements in expanding the empire's territory, strengthening its military, and promoting learning and scholarship.

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The Sultanate of Oman was divided in 1856 after the death of Said bin Sultan and was ruled by a monarchical system of government. This means that the country was ruled by a king or a sultan, who had complete control over the government and was considered the highest authority in the land. The monarch had the power to make laws, appoint officials, and govern the country according to his own wishes. The monarchical system of government in Oman has been in place since that time and continues to this day.

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The motion for self-government was proposed by Anthony Enahoro in 1953. Enahoro was a Nigerian politician who was part of the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC) political party. He moved the motion for self-government in the Nigerian House of Representatives, which called for Nigeria to be granted self-rule in a period of no more than five years. The motion was seconded by several other members of the House of Representatives and sparked a national conversation about Nigerian independence, ultimately leading to Nigeria gaining independence from Britain in 1960.

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The motives of Britain for colonizing Africa during imperialism were political and military interest, economic interest, and humanitarian and religious goals. 1. Political and military interest: Britain wanted to expand its territory and gain strategic advantages over its rivals. They established colonies to serve as military bases, which allowed them to control important shipping routes and ports. Additionally, colonizing Africa gave Britain access to resources and raw materials that were essential for its industrial growth. 2. Economic interest: Britain was interested in the vast resources of Africa such as gold, diamonds, and other valuable minerals. They exploited the natural resources of Africa, exporting them to Britain and other countries. British colonies also provided a market for British manufactured goods, which fueled Britain's economic growth. 3. Humanitarian and religious goal: There were British citizens who believed that it was their moral and religious duty to bring civilization and Christianity to the people of Africa. Some British colonizers believed that they were helping to end slavery and bring about social and economic development in Africa. However, these humanitarian and religious goals were often used to justify the exploitation and oppression of African people. Social interest is not a motive for British colonization of Africa. While some British colonizers may have believed they were bringing social benefits to Africa, such as modern technology or education, these were not the primary motives for British colonization.

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The leader of the South African's black consciousness movement, Steve Biko, died in 1977. Steve Biko was a prominent anti-apartheid activist and a leading figure in the black consciousness movement in South Africa. He worked tirelessly to fight against the oppressive apartheid system, which discriminated against black people in South Africa. In 1977, Biko was arrested by the South African authorities and was severely beaten during his detention. He suffered a head injury and was denied medical treatment, which resulted in his death. Therefore, the correct answer is 1977.

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Nigeria is a country with a diverse population, made up of many different ethnic groups. Prior to the amalgamation of Nigeria in 1914, the area now known as Nigeria was made up of various distinct and independent kingdoms and societies, each with its own unique culture, language, and way of life. These different kingdoms and societies were made up of various peoples and ethnic groups, such as the Yoruba, Igbo, Hausa, Fulani, and many others. Each of these groups had its own history, traditions, and customs, and they often interacted with each other through trade, migration, and warfare. So, to answer the question, Nigeria was a conglomerations of peoples and ethnic groups before the amalgamation in 1914.

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The failure of the old Oyo empire can be attributed to multiple factors, including internal and external crisis, as well as the revolt of Kakanfo Afonja. The internal crisis included factors such as the struggle for power among different factions within the empire, while external factors such as attacks from neighboring states also contributed to its decline. The revolt of Kakanfo Afonja, who was a powerful military leader, also weakened the empire and eventually led to its collapse. The presence of the British in Yoruba land also had an impact, as it destabilized the political and economic structure of the empire. However, it is important to note that the failure of the old Oyo empire was not solely due to one factor but a combination of several factors.

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The Ogboni cult in the Yoruba pre-colonial administration played the role of the judiciary. The Ogboni cult was a secret society made up of elders who were highly respected in Yoruba society. They were responsible for settling disputes and enforcing customary law, which governed many aspects of Yoruba life. The cult was involved in the administration of justice, settling civil and criminal cases, and had the power to enforce punishments, including the death penalty. They were highly regarded for their wisdom and impartiality, and their decisions were considered final. The Ogboni cult also had a religious function, performing rituals and sacrifices to honor the gods and ancestors.

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The Omani Empire vied with Portugal and Britain for trade. This means that Oman was in competition with both Portugal and Britain to control and benefit from the trade that took place in the region. The Portuguese and British were major naval powers in the Indian Ocean, and they were also involved in the spice trade that was important to Oman's economy. The Omani Empire competed with these two powers to maintain their control over the trade routes and to protect their own commercial interests. This competition was a significant factor in the history of Oman and the broader region, as it influenced the development of the Omani Empire and the larger geopolitical landscape of the Indian Ocean.

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Murtala Muhammed created 19 states out of Nigeria in the year 1976. Before Murtala Muhammed created the states, Nigeria was divided into 12 states. In 1967, the military government of General Yakubu Gowon had created 12 states out of the four regions that existed at the time. These states were further subdivided into a total of 19 states in 1976 by Murtala Muhammed's administration. The creation of these additional states was part of Murtala Muhammed's plan to decentralize power and bring government closer to the people. Each of the 19 states was created with its own capital city, local government system, and administrative structure. This move was aimed at promoting national unity and reducing the tensions between different ethnic groups. The creation of more states also helped to improve the distribution of resources and development across the country. Overall, the creation of 19 states in 1976 by Murtala Muhammed's administration had a significant impact on Nigeria's political, social, and economic development.

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Sierra Leone was founded in 1787, and Liberia was founded in 1824. Sierra Leone was established by British philanthropists who wanted to create a colony for freed slaves and free people of African descent. The first group of settlers arrived in Sierra Leone in March 1787 and established a settlement in what is now known as Freetown. Liberia was founded by the American Colonization Society (ACS), a group of American abolitionists who wanted to establish a colony for freed American slaves. The first group of settlers arrived in Liberia in 1822 and established a settlement that later became known as Monrovia, named after James Monroe, the fifth President of the United States. Both Sierra Leone and Liberia were established as colonies for freed slaves, but the circumstances and motivations behind their founding were different. Sierra Leone was founded by British philanthropists, while Liberia was founded by American abolitionists.

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Nigeria became a member of OPEC since 1971. OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) is an intergovernmental organization that coordinates and unifies the petroleum policies of its member countries. It was established in 1960 by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela. Nigeria joined OPEC in 1971, eleven years after the establishment of the organization. Since then, Nigeria has been an active member of OPEC, contributing to the organization's objectives of stabilizing oil prices and ensuring a regular supply of petroleum to the global market. Nigeria is one of the largest oil producers in Africa, and its membership in OPEC has allowed it to collaborate with other oil-producing countries to achieve common goals.

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The system of government in the Benin pre-colonial era was a monarchy. The kingdom of Benin, located in what is now southern Nigeria, was ruled by an Oba or king who held absolute power over the kingdom. The king was considered a divine ruler and was believed to have been appointed by the gods. The king's power was maintained through a complex system of officials and councils, including a council of chiefs and a council of elders. These officials served as advisors to the king and helped to administer the kingdom's affairs. The monarchy was the dominant political system in Benin until it was replaced by a colonial system of government under British rule in the late 19th century.