JAMB UTME - Government - 1995

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Proportional representation is an electoral system that apportions legislative seats to a group relative to its actual voting strength. In this system, the number of seats a party receives is proportional to the number of votes they receive. This means that a party with 30% of the total votes cast will receive 30% of the seats in the legislature. This is different from the simple plurality system where the candidate or party with the most votes wins the election regardless of the percentage of votes received. Discriminatory majority is not a recognized term in the context of electoral systems, while franchise refers to the right to vote in an election.

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The power of the courts to declare legislative enactments as unconstitutional is known as judicial review. This means that the courts have the power to review and interpret laws passed by the legislative branch of government, and if they find that such laws violate the provisions of the constitution, they can declare them null and void. Judicial review serves as a check on the power of the legislative and executive branches of government, ensuring that they do not act outside the boundaries of the constitution. It is an important feature of many democratic systems of government, and helps to ensure the protection of citizens' rights and freedoms.

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The first leader of the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons was Herbert Macaulay. Herbert Macaulay was a Nigerian nationalist, engineer, and politician who founded the Nigerian National Democratic Party (NNDP) and played a leading role in the Nigerian nationalist movement prior to independence. He later merged the NNDP with other political parties to form the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC), which he led until his death in 1946.

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The breakdown of the McPherson Constitution was partly caused by the crisis within the political party called the NCNC (National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons).

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According to Marxist theory, the class that owns and controls the means of production in a capitalist society is the bourgeoisie. The bourgeoisie is the class of modern capitalists who own the means of social production and employ wage-laborers to work on them. The proletariat, on the other hand, is the working class who do not own the means of production and must work for the bourgeoisie in order to survive.

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The goal of the theory of separation of powers is to protect individual liberty. The theory of separation of powers advocates for the division of power among the three arms of government, namely the executive, legislature, and judiciary. The aim is to prevent the concentration of power in one branch and ensure that each branch operates independently of the others, with its own set of powers and responsibilities. This division of power serves as a check and balance mechanism, preventing any one branch from becoming too powerful and thus protecting individual liberties.

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Power is the capacity or ability to influence the behavior of others or compel them to act in a particular way. It is the ability to achieve desired results through the use of authority, force, persuasion, or other means. It can be exercised by individuals, groups, or institutions, and can be based on a variety of factors, including wealth, social status, knowledge, or physical strength. Ultimately, power is the right or capacity to compel obedience or the ability to shape the behavior of others in line with one's own interests or goals.

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The legal process by which an alien is accepted as a national of a country other than his own is known as naturalization. It is a process where a foreign national becomes a citizen of a country by fulfilling certain legal requirements, such as living in the country for a certain period of time, passing a citizenship test, and renouncing their previous citizenship. Once the naturalization process is complete, the person becomes a citizen of the new country and is entitled to all the rights and privileges of a citizen.

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The principle of separation of powers refers to the division of governmental powers into three distinct branches: the legislative, the executive, and the judiciary, each with their own responsibilities and powers. Among the listed pre-colonial political units in Nigeria, the Oyo Empire is known to have institutionalized the principle of separation of powers. The Oyo Empire had a centralized government with the Alaafin (king) as the supreme authority. The Oyo Mesi, a council of powerful chiefs, acted as a legislative arm, while the Bashorun, the second in command to the Alaafin, acted as the head of the executive arm. The Egungun, a group of senior judges, represented the judiciary. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is the Oyo Empire.

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The correct answer is: - Prof Awa and Prof. Nwosu Explanation: NEC (National Electoral Commission) was established by the military government of General Ibrahim Babangida in 1987, to conduct elections in the country. Under his regime, two persons served as chairmen of NEC, they were Professor Eme Awa and Professor Humphrey Nwosu.

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The country that has the right to vote the decisions of the Security Council of the United Nations Organization (UNO) is China. As one of the five permanent members of the Security Council, China has the power to veto any decision made by the council. The other four permanent members are the United States, Russia, France, and the United Kingdom. The Security Council is responsible for maintaining international peace and security, and its decisions have the power to authorize military actions, impose sanctions, and establish peacekeeping missions.

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NEPA (Nigerian Electricity Power Authority) and NRC (Nigerian Railway Corporation) are examples of public corporations in Nigeria. NEPA is responsible for the generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity in Nigeria, while NRC is in charge of the railway transport system in Nigeria. Public corporations are government-owned entities that are established to provide essential services to the public, and they are usually funded by the government through budget allocations or loans.

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In 1975, Angola gained its independence from Portugal, and this resulted in a power struggle between three nationalist movements, which eventually led to a civil war. The Soviet Union, the United States, France, and Cuba supported different factions in the civil war. However, the country whose interests conflicted with those of Nigeria over Angola was the United States. The US feared that a communist government would be established in Angola if the Soviet-backed Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) succeeded in taking power. The US, therefore, supported the rival National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), which was backed by South Africa.

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The concept of sovereignty can best be defined as the state of being supreme in authority. Sovereignty refers to the highest power in a country or state which has the final say in decision-making and is not subject to the authority of any other power or state. This means that the government of a sovereign state has the ultimate authority to make and enforce laws, and that other states should not interfere in its affairs. Sovereignty is an essential aspect of international relations and is recognized as a fundamental principle of modern statehood.

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The Sokoto Caliphate was the geographical entity in which the traditional ruler was both the religious and political head. The Sokoto Caliphate was a Muslim empire that existed in present-day Northern Nigeria from 1804 to 1903. The Caliphate was founded by Usman dan Fodio, who was both a political and religious leader. He established a theocratic state with Islam as the official religion and Sharia as the legal code. The Caliphate was divided into several emirates, each ruled by an emir who was appointed by the Caliph. The emirs were responsible for the administration of their emirates and were also religious leaders.

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Indirect rule was cheaper and easier for the European powers and, in particular, it required fewer administrators, but had a number of problems. In many cases, European authorities empowered local traditional leaders, as in the case of the monarchy of Uganda, but if no suitable leader could be found (in the traditional Western sense of the term), the Europeans would simply choose local rulers to suit them. This was the case in Kenya and Southern Nigeria, and the new leaders often called "warrant chiefs", were not always supported by the local population.

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A political party seeks power by fielding candidates for public office and trying to win elections, while a pressure group seeks to influence those in power without necessarily seeking office. The major distinguishing factor between them is that while the former seeks power and aims to form a government, the latter seeks to influence or pressure the government to adopt policies or take actions that align with their interests, without necessarily forming a government. Political parties are also typically more structured and organized than pressure groups.

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The correct answer is: "Explorers, traders, missionaries and imperialists". This is because the first Europeans to come into contact with Nigeria were explorers, who were primarily interested in mapping out the territory. They were followed by traders, who came to the region in search of gold, ivory, and other commodities. The next group to arrive were the missionaries, who came to spread Christianity and set up mission schools. Finally, the imperialists arrived, who were primarily interested in controlling the region for economic and political purposes.

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The exercise of power by the Minister of Transport to make bye-laws for the Nigerian Railway Corporation is an exercise of delegated power. Delegated power is a power conferred on a person or body by a superior authority. In this case, the Minister of Transport is given the power to make bye-laws for the Nigerian Railway Corporation by an Act of Parliament, which is the superior authority. Therefore, the Minister is exercising a delegated power on behalf of the superior authority.

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A distinctive feature of a democratic system of government is the existence of periodic competitive elections. In a democracy, elections are held at regular intervals and are open to all citizens to participate. During elections, citizens can choose their representatives from a range of candidates and political parties, and the candidate or party that receives the most votes is elected to office. The existence of competitive elections ensures that citizens have a say in the decisions made by their government and can hold their representatives accountable. It also allows for peaceful transfer of power and ensures that no one group or individual holds a monopoly on power.

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A legal document yet to be enacted into law but still under debate in the legislature is known as a "bill." A bill is a draft proposal that seeks to become a law, and it goes through various stages of debate and amendment before it is enacted into law. Bills may originate from the executive branch, legislative branch or even citizens, and they can address various issues, such as creating new laws, amending existing laws or repealing laws. Once a bill is passed by both chambers of the legislature and signed by the president or governor, it becomes a law.

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The institutions that make up the main organs of a government are the legislature, the executive and the judiciary. - The legislature is responsible for making laws. - The executive is responsible for enforcing laws. - The judiciary is responsible for interpreting laws and ensuring justice. Together, these organs form the foundation of a democratic government and help to ensure that the government operates effectively and efficiently to serve the needs of its citizens.

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The first executive president of Nigeria was Alhaji Shehu Shagari.

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Enfranchisement refers to the process of allowing eligible individuals or groups to participate in the political process by granting them the right to vote. It involves the expansion of suffrage, which is the right to vote in political elections. This term can also be used in a broader sense to describe the granting of any kind of rights or privileges to a particular group. However, in a political context, enfranchisement specifically refers to the right to vote.

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A non-party election occurs when all candidates run as independents, meaning that they do not belong to any political party. In such elections, candidates do not have party symbols, and voters are not affiliated with any party. Non-party elections are usually characterized by a focus on the individual candidates and their platforms rather than on the party's policies. Non-party elections can occur at any level of government, from local to national. They are often used as a means of reducing the influence of political parties and encouraging independent thinking and decision-making by voters.

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Charismatic authority is based on the personal ability and influence of an individual. This type of authority is characterized by a leader who possesses exceptional qualities such as charisma, vision, and the ability to inspire and motivate others. The leader's authority is not derived from traditional sources of power such as wealth, family lineage, or institutional processes, but rather from their unique personal qualities that attract followers and enable them to exert influence. Charismatic authority is often seen as a powerful force for change, but it can also be unstable and unpredictable, as it relies heavily on the personality and personal appeal of the leader.

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Under military regimes in Nigeria, the branches of government that were fused were the executive and the legislature. This means that the military head of state was both the head of the executive and also the head of the legislative arm of government, making all major decisions without the checks and balances that a separation of powers would provide. The judiciary was also under the control of the military government, thereby creating a concentration of power in the hands of the military.

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The Minorities Commission was appointed in Nigeria in 1957 to investigate the fears of minority groups in the country and make recommendations to ensure their rights were protected. The Commission was headed by Sir Henry Willink, a British lawyer and politician who was tasked with leading the investigation and drafting the report.

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The adoption of non-alignment as a principle of Nigerian foreign policy is aimed at placing Nigeria on a comfortable position to contribute to international peace and morality. Non-alignment refers to a policy of not aligning oneself with any of the major power blocs in the world, and Nigeria's adoption of this principle was motivated by a desire to remain neutral in the Cold War rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union. By doing so, Nigeria could maintain good relations with both sides and use its diplomatic influence to promote peace and cooperation between nations. The principle of non-alignment is still a key feature of Nigeria's foreign policy today, as the country continues to strive for peaceful coexistence and global stability.

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The application of the rule of law can be limited by invoking emergency powers. Emergency powers can be invoked during a crisis or emergency situation, and these powers can sometimes lead to the suspension of some laws and legal procedures that protect individual rights and freedoms. This can create a situation where the government is able to act outside the rule of law, and some individuals may be treated unfairly or unjustly. It is important for emergency powers to be used judiciously and for the government to take steps to ensure that the rule of law is not undermined during such times.

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Unicameral legislature is often criticized for restricting the scope of participation. In a unicameral legislature, there is only one chamber or house, which means that all members of the legislature are concentrated in a single body. This can limit the diversity of representation and the range of perspectives that are brought to bear on issues. It can also lead to a concentration of power in a single body, which may not reflect the interests or concerns of all segments of society. As a result, some argue that unicameralism can lead to a lack of accountability and transparency in government decision-making, and may not be conducive to democratic governance.

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Public opinion is an aggregate of the individual views, attitudes, and beliefs about a particular topic, expressed by a significant proportion of a community

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The executive arm of government includes the individuals and agencies responsible for implementing and enforcing laws and policies. This includes the President, Vice President, Cabinet members, heads of executive departments and agencies such as the police and military, and other officials appointed by the President. The courts and National Assembly are part of the judicial and legislative arms of government respectively and are not considered part of the executive arm. The Senate President is a member of the legislative arm of government and not part of the executive arm.

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The Civil Service is controlled by the Parliament and the Courts. The Parliament has the power to enact laws regulating the appointment, promotion, discipline, and retirement of civil servants. The Courts, on the other hand, can interpret and enforce these laws, and also adjudicate disputes arising from civil service employment. Trade unions and interest groups may advocate for the interests of civil servants, but they do not have direct control over the Civil Service. Similarly, the police and tribunals do not have primary responsibility for controlling the Civil Service.

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The OAU (Organization of African Unity) was founded on the principle of sovereign equality of member states. This means that each member state is recognized as a sovereign entity, with equal rights and obligations, regardless of its size or level of development. This principle was meant to promote unity, solidarity, and cooperation among African nations, while respecting their individual national identities and independence. It also aimed to foster peaceful resolution of conflicts and promote stability in the region.