WAEC SSCE - Commerce - 2002

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Retained profits are an internal source of capital for a business concern. When a business earns profits, it has the option of distributing those profits to its owners (shareholders) as dividends or retaining them for reinvestment in the business. The portion of profits that a business chooses to retain is known as retained earnings, which can be used to fund future investments or pay off debt. Retained earnings are an important source of capital for businesses because they do not involve taking on additional debt or diluting ownership through the issuance of new shares of stock. Instead, retained earnings represent a form of internal financing that can help a business grow and expand while maintaining control over its operations. Other sources of capital, such as trade credit, debentures, and overdrafts, are external sources that involve taking on additional debt or selling ownership stakes to outside investors. While these sources of capital can be important for businesses, they also come with additional costs and risks that may not be present with retained earnings.

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Legal tender refers to the form of currency that is recognized by law as valid for settling debts and transactions within a country. It is the medium of exchange that is accepted as payment for goods and services in a particular jurisdiction. This means that it is a legally recognized and accepted form of payment for any transaction, and it cannot be refused as payment for any outstanding debt. In most countries, legal tender is made up of coins and banknotes issued by the central bank of that country, and they carry a nominal value that is recognized by law. Therefore, the correct option is (b) coins and bank notes.

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Retained profit is an internal source of capital to a business concern. It is the portion of a company's net income that is not paid out as dividends but instead is kept as a reserve to reinvest in the business or pay off debt. This is a source of financing that does not involve external stakeholders, such as banks or shareholders, and is thus an internal source of capital. By reinvesting profits back into the business, a company can grow its operations and increase its value without diluting ownership or incurring interest expenses.

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When shares are fully paid, they can be converted into stocks. A stock represents ownership in a company and indicates that the shareholder has a claim on a portion of the company's assets and earnings. Unlike bonds or debentures, which represent debt that must be repaid to the investor, stocks represent an equity investment in the company. Treasury bills, on the other hand, are short-term government debt securities that are not related to shares in a company.

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The duty of an agent to a principal is based on trust. An agent is appointed by a principal to act on their behalf and in their best interest. This creates a fiduciary relationship between the agent and the principal. The agent is expected to act honestly, fairly, and in good faith in carrying out the responsibilities assigned by the principal. The agent is also required to keep the principal's confidential information private and not use it for personal gain. All these requirements are based on the trust placed in the agent by the principal, and failure to meet these expectations can result in legal consequences.

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When shares are sold "EX-DIV," it means that the buyer of the shares is not entitled to the dividend that the company has already declared but has not yet paid. The dividend is paid to whoever owns the shares on the record date. The ex-dividend date is set by the stock exchange and is usually two business days before the record date. If a buyer purchases the shares on or after the ex-dividend date, they will not receive the upcoming dividend payment, and it will be paid to the seller instead. Therefore, the answer is that no dividend is paid on the shares when they are sold ex-div.

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Hull insurance is taken to cover damage to the body of the ship. It is a type of marine insurance that provides coverage for physical damage to a ship or vessel, including its hull, machinery, and equipment. It is intended to protect ship owners from financial losses in the event of damage to their vessel, which can be caused by a variety of risks, such as collisions, accidents, or natural disasters. By taking out hull insurance, ship owners can have peace of mind knowing that they are protected against potential losses resulting from damage to their ship.

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The correct term for the process by which government takes over the ownership and control of an existing private business is called "nationalization". Nationalization involves the transfer of ownership and control of a private enterprise to the government or state. This can be done for various reasons, such as to protect the national interest, ensure efficient delivery of public services, or promote social welfare.

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ECOWAS is a form of an economic union. ECOWAS stands for Economic Community of West African States. It is a regional organization of West African countries established in 1975 with the aim of promoting economic integration among its member states. The organization seeks to create a single large market by reducing trade barriers and promoting free movement of goods, services, and people among member states. As an economic union, ECOWAS aims to create a common market among its member states, in which goods and services can move freely across borders without restrictions. This means that member states can trade with each other without tariffs or other trade barriers, which can increase economic growth, create jobs, and improve the standard of living for people in the region. In addition to promoting economic integration, ECOWAS also works towards achieving political stability, peace, and security in the region. The organization has its headquarters in Abuja, Nigeria, and is made up of 15 member states in West Africa.

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The detailed information about a public offer of a company's shares is contained in the prospectus. A prospectus is a legal document that contains information about a company's financial position, history, management team, risk factors, and details about the shares being offered to the public. It is a key document for potential investors to evaluate the company and make informed decisions about whether to invest in the company's shares.

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The type of cheque that protects the holder against the risk of loss is a crossed cheque. A crossed cheque is one that has two parallel lines drawn across it, indicating that the cheque must be paid into a bank account and cannot be cashed over the counter. This type of cheque is a safer payment method because it ensures that the funds are paid directly into the intended recipient's bank account and cannot be lost or stolen like an open or bearer cheque. As a result, crossed cheques are commonly used for high-value transactions or payments to unknown or untrusted parties.

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The principle of subrogation imposes an obligation on the insured to surrender their legal rights after being compensated by their insurer. Subrogation is a legal principle that allows an insurer who has paid a claim to take over the rights and remedies of the insured against a third party who may have caused the loss or damage. This means that after paying out a claim, the insurer can seek to recover the amount paid from the third party. To enable the insurer to exercise their rights of subrogation, the insured is required to surrender their legal rights against the third party once they have been compensated by their insurer. This is because the insurer steps into the shoes of the insured and is entitled to the same legal rights and remedies that the insured had against the third party. By surrendering their legal rights, the insured allows their insurer to pursue recovery of the amount paid out, which can help to reduce the cost of claims and keep insurance premiums affordable. Overall, the principle of subrogation is an important legal concept in insurance, which allows insurers to recover the amount paid out to the insured from third parties who may have caused the loss or damage. This is made possible by the insured surrendering their legal rights after being compensated by their insurer.

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Transforming raw materials into finished products is an example of secondary production. Secondary production refers to the process of converting raw materials into finished goods through manufacturing or construction activities. In secondary production, the raw materials undergo a transformation process to create a new product with a different shape, form, or function from the original raw material. For example, when iron ore is extracted from the ground and processed into steel, it undergoes a secondary production process. Similarly, when wood is cut and shaped into furniture, it undergoes secondary production. Secondary production is an important part of the economy, as it adds value to raw materials and creates jobs in manufacturing and construction industries. It is distinct from primary production, which involves the extraction of raw materials from natural resources, and tertiary production, which involves the provision of services.

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A label on a product like "Three Crown Milk" is a form of branding. Branding refers to the use of a name, term, design, symbol, or other feature that identifies a seller's goods or services and distinguishes them from those of other sellers. A label is an essential part of a product's branding as it contains important information about the product, such as its name, ingredients, nutritional value, and manufacturer. A well-designed label can also help to create a positive perception of the product in the minds of consumers, leading to increased sales and customer loyalty.

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The minimum charge at which the Central Bank lends to commercial banks is called the bank rate. The bank rate is the rate at which the Central Bank provides loans to commercial banks to meet their short-term fund requirements. The bank rate serves as a benchmark rate for the entire financial system and influences other interest rates in the economy, including lending rates charged by commercial banks to their customers. A change in the bank rate has a significant impact on the cost of borrowing and lending, money supply, and inflation.

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Government regulations are rules and laws that businesses must follow to ensure fair practices, protect consumers, and promote social and economic welfare. One major reason why governments regulate business activities is to ensure fair practices and protect consumers. This is important because businesses have a responsibility to provide safe and quality products or services to consumers, and regulations help to enforce this responsibility. Additionally, regulations can promote social and economic welfare by addressing issues such as environmental protection, labor rights, and public health. Overall, government regulation of business activities helps to maintain a level playing field and ensure that businesses operate in a responsible and ethical manner.

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A crossed cheque is a type of cheque that protects the holder against the risk of loss. When a cheque is crossed, it means that two parallel lines are drawn across the face of the cheque, indicating that the cheque can only be deposited directly into a bank account, and not cashed over the counter. This provides an added layer of security for the holder, as the cheque can only be credited to the account of the person named on the cheque. This helps to prevent fraud and reduces the risk of loss, as the cheque cannot be cashed by anyone else. On the other hand, an open cheque can be cashed by anyone who presents it for payment, and a bearer cheque can be cashed by the person who holds it, regardless of whether they are the intended recipient. A post-dated cheque is one that has a future date on it and cannot be cashed until that date has passed. However, it does not provide any additional protection against loss or fraud.

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The rate at which a country's currency can be converted to the currency of another country is known as the exchange rate. Exchange rate refers to the value of one country's currency in terms of another country's currency. It represents the rate at which one currency can be exchanged for another currency in the foreign exchange market. Exchange rates are determined by the forces of supply and demand in the foreign exchange market. If the demand for a country's currency is high, its value will appreciate relative to other currencies, and its exchange rate will increase. Conversely, if the demand for a country's currency is low, its value will depreciate, and its exchange rate will decrease. Exchange rates are important in international trade and finance because they affect the cost of imports and exports, as well as the profitability of international investments. They are also used to compare the purchasing power of different currencies and to facilitate international transactions.

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If Baba is forced to agree to the terms of a contract at gunpoint, the contract is entered into under duress. Duress occurs when one party uses force or the threat of force to compel another party to enter into a contract against their will. Contracts entered into under duress are generally considered voidable, which means that the party who was forced into the contract has the option to void the contract or enforce it. However, it is important to note that proving duress can be difficult, and it is usually up to the court to determine whether duress was present.

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The distribution and exchange of goods and services for the satisfaction of wants is the concern of commerce. Commerce is the exchange of goods and services between businesses, individuals, and governments. It includes all the activities involved in buying, selling, and distributing goods and services. Commerce plays an important role in the economy, as it enables businesses and individuals to obtain the goods and services they need and want. It also helps to create jobs and generates revenue for governments through taxes and tariffs. The ultimate goal of commerce is to satisfy the wants and needs of consumers by providing them with the goods and services they desire.

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The dissolution of a partnership is the end of a partnership agreement. The question asks which of the options does not lead to the dissolution of a partnership. The absence of a deed of partnership or agreement can make the partnership difficult to enforce but does not necessarily lead to dissolution. Withdrawal of a partner or incapacity of any of the partners can lead to dissolution if the partnership agreement does not provide for such situations, but the question asks for an option that does not lead to dissolution. Therefore, the option that does not lead to dissolution of a partnership is the completion of the contractual term, which is the end of the agreed partnership period or duration. When the partnership agreement is completed as agreed, the partnership is dissolved, and the partners are free to renew the partnership agreement if they choose to continue their business relationship.

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The correct answer is "hire purchase". Hire purchase is an agreement between a buyer and a seller in which the buyer makes a down payment and then pays the remaining balance in instalments, typically with interest, until the full purchase price is paid. However, the buyer does not own the item until the final payment is made. This means that the seller can repossess the item if the buyer misses payments.

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An offer by one company to buy up all or a majority of another company's shares is known as a "take-over bid." Essentially, it is a proposal made by the acquiring company to purchase enough shares of the target company to gain control of its operations. This is typically done by offering shareholders a premium price for their shares. The acquiring company may use this strategy to gain access to the target company's assets, intellectual property, or customer base, or to eliminate a competitor in the marketplace. A takeover bid is also known as an acquisition bid or buyout offer.

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A Letter of Enquiry is sent by a customer who wishes to know the price, quality, and terms of sale of a product. A Letter of Enquiry is a formal request for information from a seller about their products or services. It is typically sent by a potential customer who is interested in purchasing a product or service but needs more information before making a decision. The letter usually includes details such as the product or service being enquired about, the quantity required, and any specific requirements the customer may have. It may also ask for information about the price, quality, delivery time, and terms of sale. In response to the letter, the seller may provide a Quotation or a Proforma Invoice. A Quotation is a formal statement of the price at which the seller is willing to supply the product or service, while a Proforma Invoice is a document that sets out the details of a proposed sale, including the price, quantity, and terms of sale. Overall, a Letter of Enquiry is an important communication tool for potential customers as it helps them to make informed purchasing decisions by providing them with the necessary information about the product or service they are interested in.

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The function of money refers to the role that money plays in an economy. It has four main functions: medium of exchange, store of value, unit of account, and standard of deferred payment. The function that is not related to these four is that "it is easily recognizable". While it is important for money to be recognizable to prevent fraud and counterfeit, this is not one of the main functions of money.

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The direct exchange of goods for goods in international trade is known as counter trade. In this type of trade, the buyer and seller agree to exchange goods or services instead of using traditional currency for payment. It is often used between countries with different currencies or where currency exchange is restricted. Counter trade can take different forms such as bartering, offset trade, and buyback. It is a way to overcome trade barriers, build relationships between trading partners, and minimize risks in international trade.

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Consideration is not a method of discharging a contract. Performance refers to the fulfillment of all obligations and terms of the contract, while breach occurs when one party fails to fulfill their obligations as agreed upon in the contract. Frustration occurs when an unforeseen event makes it impossible to fulfill the contract. Consideration, on the other hand, refers to something of value exchanged between the parties, which is necessary for the formation of a valid contract. It is not a method of discharging a contract, but rather a requirement for the formation of one.

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A voluntary body formed by people in the same line of business is known as a trade association. It is an organization made up of businesses in a specific industry, trade or profession. The main purpose of a trade association is to promote and protect the interests of its members by providing a forum for discussion and cooperation, as well as representing their views to government and other organizations. Trade associations may also offer training, education, and other services to their members, and may set standards for their industry.

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The promoter is not a function of a stock exchange market. A promoter is an individual or group of individuals who bring together the necessary resources to start a business or corporation. They are responsible for raising capital, organizing the company's structure, and creating a business plan. Promoters are involved in the initial stages of a company's formation and are not typically involved in the ongoing trading of its stock. In contrast, a stock exchange is a platform where securities such as stocks, bonds, and derivatives are bought and sold. The primary functions of a stock exchange include providing a market for the trading of securities, facilitating the issuance of new securities, and providing liquidity to investors. Bulls are investors who anticipate a rise in the price of stocks and other securities and seek to profit from it. Brokers are intermediaries who facilitate the buying and selling of securities on behalf of investors. Jobbers are market makers who buy and sell securities on their own account to provide liquidity to the market. Overall, while promoters play a crucial role in the formation of a company, they are not directly involved in the ongoing trading of its stock and therefore not a function of a stock exchange market.

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A department store is a retail establishment that offers a wide variety of goods for sale in different departments, such as clothing, cosmetics, appliances, electronics, furniture, and more. Department stores typically have a large physical space, multiple floors, and various sections, allowing customers to browse and purchase a range of products under one roof. Therefore, option A is the correct answer.

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The refund of a duty which had been paid on importation that are later re-exported is known as "customs drawback". This is a refund of duties paid on imported goods that are subsequently exported without being altered in any way. It is a way to promote international trade and allows exporters to recover the duties paid on imported goods that are used in the manufacture of products intended for export. The customs drawback system is used to help reduce the cost of goods, making them more competitive in foreign markets.

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Transforming raw materials into finished products is an example of secondary production. Secondary production involves the process of converting raw materials into finished goods, ready for sale or distribution. This process usually involves manufacturing, construction, and assembly. Secondary production is different from primary production, which involves extracting raw materials from the earth or natural resources. Tertiary production, on the other hand, involves providing services, such as healthcare, education, and entertainment, rather than producing physical goods.

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A certificate of incorporation is best favored by a recorded delivery. This is because a certificate of incorporation is a legal document issued by the Companies House in the UK, or a similar regulatory body in other countries, to confirm the creation of a limited liability company. It is a crucial document that proves the existence of the company, and as such, it is important that it is delivered securely to the intended recipient. Recorded delivery provides a form of proof of delivery, which ensures that the certificate is delivered to the right person and at the right address.

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The transfer of risks already undertaken from one insurance company to another is known as re-insurance. In other words, re-insurance is a process by which an insurer transfers some of the risks it has taken on to another insurance company in exchange for a portion of the premium it has received. Re-insurance helps insurance companies to reduce their exposure to risk and financial losses by sharing the risk with other insurers. This enables insurers to underwrite larger risks than they would be able to on their own, and it helps to stabilize the insurance market.

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The brand of vehicle does not influence the choice of means of transport. When choosing a means of transport, there are several factors to consider, including the cost, the value of goods being transported, the urgency of delivery, and the reliability of the transport service. These factors can help to determine the most appropriate means of transport for a particular shipment. Discounts may also influence the choice of transport, as some transport companies may offer reduced rates for certain types of shipments or for customers who use their services frequently. However, the brand of vehicle used for transport is not usually a significant factor in the decision-making process. What is more important is the type of transport service, such as whether it is by air, sea, road, or rail, and the reliability and safety of the service provider. Overall, the choice of means of transport depends on a range of factors, including the nature of the goods being transported, the urgency of delivery, and the cost and reliability of the transport service. The brand of vehicle used for transport is usually not a significant factor in this decision.

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A bill of exchange requires acceptances before it can be valid. A bill of exchange is a written order from one person (the drawer) to another (the drawee) to pay a specified sum of money to a third party (the payee) at a future date. The drawee must accept the bill of exchange before it becomes a binding legal document. Acceptance is the drawee's written agreement to pay the amount specified on the bill of exchange. Once the drawee accepts the bill of exchange, they become legally obligated to pay the specified amount to the payee on the due date. In contrast, a promissory note is a written promise to pay a specified amount of money to a named person or order at a specified date or on demand. It does not require acceptance by anyone else to become valid. A letter of credit is a financial instrument that is issued by a bank on behalf of a buyer to guarantee payment to a seller. It does not require acceptances to become valid. A cheque is a written order from an account holder to their bank to pay a specified sum of money to a named person or order. It does not require acceptances to become valid.

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When two or more companies come together to work on a project that is too large for one of them to handle alone, it is called a consortium. The companies work together as a group to pool their resources and expertise to achieve the project goals. Each member of the consortium remains an independent entity and retains its own identity, but they cooperate and collaborate to achieve a common objective. Consortia are often formed for large-scale projects such as infrastructure development, research and development, and international trade.

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ECOWAS stands for the Economic Community of West African States. It is a regional organization of fifteen West African countries established to promote economic integration among member states. ECOWAS aims to create a single large trade bloc by reducing trade barriers and harmonizing trade policies among member countries. Therefore, ECOWAS is an economic union that seeks to enhance economic cooperation and integration among its member states.

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Industry is concerned with the actual production of goods and services. Industries involve the transformation of raw materials into finished products, which are then sold in the market. This process involves manufacturing, construction, and other production activities. The other options, commerce, trade, and service, are related to industry but not directly involved in the actual production of goods and services. Commerce involves the buying and selling of goods, trade involves the exchange of goods and services, and service involves providing assistance or intangible goods to consumers.

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A cooperative society has no limit to its membership. A cooperative society is a type of organization that is owned and controlled by its members, who work together to achieve common goals. It is usually formed by a group of individuals who have a shared interest or purpose, such as a group of farmers who come together to market their produce or a group of consumers who want to purchase goods at a lower cost. One of the key features of a cooperative society is that there is no limit to the number of members who can join. This means that the organization can continue to grow and expand its membership as long as there are individuals or groups who are interested in joining. In contrast, other types of organizations, such as private limited companies and limited partnerships, may have restrictions on their membership. For example, a private limited company may have a limit on the number of shareholders it can have, while a limited partnership may require a certain number of general partners and limited partners. Overall, a cooperative society is a flexible and inclusive type of organization that allows individuals and groups to work together towards common goals, without any restrictions on membership.

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