JAMB UTME - Geography - 2024

Which of the following climatic types is found on the western margins of continents between altitude 300 and 400 North and South of the Equator?

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The climatic type found on the western margins of continents between latitudes 30° and 40° North and South of the Equator is the Mediterranean climate.

The Mediterranean climate is characterized by its unique seasonal weather pattern:

• Hot, dry summers: During the summer months, these regions usually experience clear skies, ample sunshine, and little to no rainfall. The temperatures are generally high due to the influence of the subtropical high-pressure systems.
• Mild, wet winters: In the winter months, these areas receive moderate rainfall, often brought by westerly winds and cyclonic storms, while temperatures remain relatively mild and comfortable.

This type of climate is well-known for supporting specific kinds of ecosystems and is suitable for growing certain crops, such as olives, grapes, and wheat. Typical regions with a Mediterranean climate include the coastal areas of the Mediterranean Sea, parts of California in the United States, central Chile, the southern tip of South Africa, and southwestern Australia.

Which of the following best explains why wind action is more predominant in Arid regions than in Humid regions?

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Wind action is more predominant in arid regions due to the combination of loose surface materials and the absence of vegetation cover. In these regions, there is little moisture to bind soil particles together, making them easily detachable and transportable by wind. Without vegetation to stabilize the soil and buffer wind, these loose particles are swept away, leading to significant wind erosion.

Other reasons, such as insufficient drainage or strong winds, also play a role; however, the **primary** factors are the loose surface materials and lack of vegetation, allowing wind to act with greater intensity. In contrast, humid regions have ample vegetation and soil moisture, which significantly reduce the wind's ability to erode and transport surface material.

A line joining places having an equal degree of cloudiness is an

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A line joining places having an equal degree of cloudiness is called an isoneph.

To understand this better, let's break down some related terms:

• Isotherm: These are lines on a map that connect points having the same temperature at a given time or on average over a given period.
• Isohyet: These are lines that connect areas receiving equal amounts of precipitation, such as rainfall.
• Isoneph: These are lines that link points experiencing the same degree of cloud cover or cloudiness.
• Isobar: These are lines on a weather map that connect points of equal atmospheric pressure.

So, when we are specifically talking about cloudiness, the correct term and line is an isoneph. This is useful in meteorology for visualizing and analyzing patterns of cloud coverage across different regions.

When wet and dry bulb thermometers record the same temperature, it means

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When wet and dry bulb thermometers, which together form a psychrometer, record the same temperature, it indicates that the air is saturated. This means that the air has reached its maximum capacity to hold water vapor, also known as reaching the dew point.

Normally, the wet bulb thermometer, which has a cloth soaked in water wrapped around it, shows a lower temperature than the dry bulb thermometer because evaporation cools it down. However, when the temperatures are the same for both thermometers, no evaporation is taking place. This is because the air cannot accept more water vapor, pointing to a humidity level of 100%, which is known as saturation.

Which of the following dams in Africa provides both irrigation water and hydro-electricity?

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The Akosombo Dam in Ghana provides both irrigation water and hydro-electricity. The dam was built on the Volta River and provides hydro-electric power and irrigation water for agriculture.

A great advantage of Basin irrigation is that

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A great advantage of Basin irrigation is that water is not wasted, as the basin helps to trap and conserve water.

Sills, dykes and batholiths are examples of

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Sills, dykes, and batholiths are examples of intrusive volcanic landforms. These are geological formations that are created below the Earth's surface from cooled and solidified magma.

Here's a simple explanation of each:

Sills are formed when magma intrudes between pre-existing layers of rock, creating a horizontal or near-horizontal sheet of solid rock. Over time, they cool and solidify, forming a flat or gently undulating body of igneous rock parallel to the layers it intruded.

Dykes occur when magma cuts across pre-existing rock layers, forming a vertical or steeply inclined body of rock. They act as pathways for magma movement and can be seen as wall-like structures that cut through layers of surrounding rock.

Batholiths are massive formations created when large amounts of magma slowly cool and solidify deep beneath the Earth's surface over a long period. These large rock bodies can cover thousands of square kilometers and are often exposed at the surface after extensive erosion.

All of these formations are created through the intrusion of magma into existing rock. As a result, they are classified as intrusive volcanic landforms, due to their origin beneath the Earth's surface, in contrast to extrusive volcanic landforms formed by lava cooling on the surface.

The development of hydro-electric power in Nigeria is least affected by the

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The development of hydro-electric power in Nigeria is least affected by the availability of suitable sites for dams. While suitable sites are necessary for building dams, other factors such as a regular supply of water and high mountains are more critical for hydro-electric power development.

An example of an organically formed sedimentary rock is

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An example of an organically formed sedimentary rock is coal.

Coal is formed from the remains of dead plants that accumulated in ancient swamps and wetlands. Over millions of years, these plant materials were buried under layers of sediment. As more layers built up on top, the increased pressure and heat transformed the plant remains into coal. The process involved is known as biochemical sedimentation, where organic materials are compacted and altered to form rock.

This is in contrast to the other options:

• Granite is an igneous rock, not sedimentary, formed from cooled magma or lava.
• Rock salt is a chemical sedimentary rock formed when water evaporates, leaving behind salt crystals.
• Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock formed from compacted sand particles.

To summarize, coal is the organically formed sedimentary rock among these options because it originates from ancient plant material that has undergone compaction and chemical transformation over time.

Which of the following environmental hazards is due primarily to human activities?

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The environmental hazard that is due primarily to human activities is ozone depletion.

The ozone layer is a protective shield in the Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's harmful ultraviolet radiation. The thinning of the ozone layer is mainly caused by the release of man-made chemicals. The most significant contributors to this environmental hazard are chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other ozone-depleting substances (ODS) which have been used in refrigeration, air conditioning, foam production, and aerosol propellants. When these chemicals reach the stratosphere, they break down ozone molecules, leading to what is known as the "ozone hole."

In contrast, the other environmental hazards listed—hurricanes, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions—are natural phenomena. While human activities can influence the severity or impact of these events, such as through climate change exacerbating the intensity of hurricanes or human settlement in earthquake-prone areas, they are not primarily caused by human actions.

The world's busiest shipping routes are on the

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The world's busiest shipping routes are found on the Atlantic Ocean. This ocean plays a crucial role in global trade and transportation due to several factors:

• Location: The Atlantic Ocean is strategically located between the continents of North America, Europe, and Africa. This positioning makes it an important corridor for trade between the densely populated and economically developed regions, including the United States, Canada, Western Europe, and parts of Africa.
• Economic Activity: Countries bordering the Atlantic Ocean, such as the United States, European countries, and Brazil, are some of the world's largest economies. As such, there is a high volume of goods being exchanged across the Atlantic Ocean, contributing to its status as a busy shipping route.
• Major Ports: The Atlantic Ocean hosts several significant ports like Rotterdam, Antwerp, Hamburg, New York, and Shanghai, to name a few. These ports serve as major hubs for commerce, where goods are received, processed, and shipped globally, adding to the traffic on this ocean.
• Historical Significance: Historically, the Atlantic Ocean has been a primary route for exploration and trade since the Age of Discovery. This long-standing use has established robust shipping routes that continue to be essential for international trade.

While other oceans like the Pacific and Indian Oceans are also important for global trade, the Atlantic Ocean remains particularly significant due to its connectivity and the economic powerhouses it links. The Antarctic Circle is not a major route due to its harsh environmental conditions and minimal human inhabitation, which reduces commercial sea traffic in that region.

The major source of power for most terrestrial ecosystems is

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The major source of power for most terrestrial ecosystems is solar energy.

Let me explain why:

Solar energy is the energy that comes from the sun. It is critical for life on Earth as it powers the process of photosynthesis, which is used by plants, algae, and some bacteria to convert light energy into chemical energy. During photosynthesis, these organisms take in carbon dioxide from the air and water from the soil, and with the help of sunlight, they produce glucose and oxygen. This process provides the necessary energy and organic material to support life.

Here is why it is important:

• Primary Producers: Solar energy fuels the primary producers (mainly plants) that form the base of the food chain. They use sunlight to create food that herbivores eat, and these herbivores are then consumed by carnivores. Without the energy provided by the sun, this foundational level of the food web would not exist, and all life forms that depend on plants, either directly or indirectly, would not survive.
• Energy Transfer: The energy captured by plants is transferred through various trophic levels as different organisms consume one another. Each level receives energy that originated from the sun, making solar energy the primary driving force of energy flow in ecosystems.
• Climate Regulation: Sunlight helps regulate Earth's climate and atmospheric conditions, influencing temperature and weather patterns. These conditions are necessary for the survival of various ecosystems and their inhabitants.

In comparison, other energy sources like geothermal energy, nuclear power, and hydroelectric power play relatively minor roles in terrestrial ecosystems. These energies are not as directly involved in powering the basic life-sustaining processes as solar energy is. Therefore, it is clear that solar energy is the predominant power source for life on land.

The system of cultivation of tropical commercial crops estates is known as

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The system of cultivation of tropical commercial crops estates is known as plantation agriculture.

Plantation agriculture is a type of farming where a single crop, often a cash crop, is grown on a large area of land. This method is commonly seen in tropical areas where conditions favor the growth of certain commercial crops like tea, coffee, rubber, cocoa, and palm oil.

The defining characteristics of plantation agriculture include:

• Large Scale Production: Crops are grown on expansive estates, which enable significant quantities to be produced.
• Monoculture: Typically, only one type of crop is cultivated for commercial purposes at a time, making it a form of monoculture.
• Capital-Intensive: It often requires heavy investment in machinery, infrastructure, and labor.
• Export-Oriented: The crops grown are usually intended for international trade, contributing to the economy of the region.
• Scientific Techniques: Utilizes advanced agricultural technologies and scientific methods to maximize yield and productivity.

This system significantly contributes to the economies of tropical regions by generating foreign exchange and providing employment opportunities.

'It is a port that specializes in receiving and redistributing goods to the neighboring countries'. Which of the following ports is described in the preceding statement?

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The port described in the statement is an entrepôt. An entrepôt is a type of port or a trading post where goods are imported, stored, and then re-exported. It acts as a key transfer point in international trade, allowing products to be redistributed to neighboring countries. This concept operates on the idea that items arrive in bulk and then are sent out again, perhaps even modified or repackaged, often without the goods being subject to customs duties. In essence, an entrepôt streamlines the movement of goods, facilitating international commerce and boosting trade networks.

Mountains formed as a result of compressional forces in the earth's crust are

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The mountains formed as a result of compressional forces in the Earth's crust are known as fold mountains. Fold mountains are created when two tectonic plates collide, and the compressional forces involved cause the layers of the Earth's crust to crumple and fold.

Imagine it like pushing two pieces of paper together from opposite ends; they begin to crumple and form folds. Similarly, when large sections of the Earth's crust are subjected to immense pressures from the sides, they buckle and bend into wave-like structures called folds. These folds then rise over time to form fold mountains.

Some of the most well-known mountain ranges in the world, like the Himalayas, the Alps, and the Rockies, are examples of fold mountains.

In summary, fold mountains are formed by the compression and folding of the Earth's crust, making them a direct result of tectonic forces that push the land upwards to form mountains.

Copper is an important raw material in the

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Copper is an important raw material in the electrical industry. This is because copper is an excellent conductor of electricity, which means it allows electrical current to flow through it easily with minimal resistance. This property makes copper ideal for use in electrical wiring, motors, transformers, and other electrical components. Additionally, copper is highly durable, resistant to corrosion, and versatile, which further enhances its usefulness in electrical applications. The electrical industry relies heavily on copper to ensure reliable and efficient power transmission.

All the following are members of the ECOWAS except

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The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) is a regional political and economic union of countries located in West Africa. Its objective is to promote economic integration across the region. The official member states of ECOWAS include countries in West Africa.

Among the options provided:

• Cote d'Ivoire is a member of ECOWAS. It is located in West Africa and actively participates in the community’s activities.
• Burkina Faso is also a member of ECOWAS. Like Cote d'Ivoire, it is found in West Africa and is part of the union.
• Senegal is another member state of ECOWAS, contributing to the regional integration efforts.

Cameroun, however, is not a member of ECOWAS. While it is geographically close to West Africa, it is primarily considered part of Central Africa, and it is a member of the Central African community organization instead.

The angular distance of a point on the Earth's surface measured in degrees from the centre of the Earth east or west of the Greenwich Meridian is known as

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The angular distance of a point on the Earth's surface measured in degrees from the centre of the Earth east or west of the Greenwich Meridian is known as longitude.

Let's break this down to make it simple:

Longitude lines are imaginary lines that run from the North Pole to the South Pole. The most important line is the Greenwich Meridian, also called the Prime Meridian, which is the reference point for measuring longitude. It is designated as zero degrees (0°) longitude. When you measure how far east or west a point is from the Prime Meridian, you are measuring the longitude.

This is different from latitude, which measures the distance north or south of the Equator. Longitude lines meet at the poles, whereas latitude lines are parallel to each other.

Overall, longitude helps us determine the precise location of a place on Earth by specifying how far east or west it is from the Prime Meridian.

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To determine which option is not a proof of the Earth's spherical shape, let's examine each one:

Twilight and Dawn: Twilight and dawn occur when the Earth rotates, and the sun is below the horizon. The gradual increase or decrease in light during these times is due to the atmosphere bending or scattering sunlight. While this phenomenon is observed worldwide, it by itself doesn't directly indicate a spherical Earth. Instead, it emphasizes the Earth's rotation, which is consistent with a spherical shape.

Lunar Eclipse: During a lunar eclipse, when the Earth is directly between the sun and the moon, the Earth casts a shadow on the moon. This shadow is observed as a circular shape, which provides direct evidence that the Earth is spherical.

Aerial Photograph: Aerial photographs, when taken from a sufficient altitude, can show the curvature of the Earth. Photographs taken from high altitudes give visual evidence of the Earth's curved surface, supporting the spherical shape.

Sunrise and Sunset: The occurrence of sunrise and sunset happens due to the Earth's rotation on its axis. As the Earth rotates, different parts of the world experience sunlight and darkness. This rotation is consistent with the global experience of a spherical planet.

Conclusion: While all the listed phenomena have some connection to the Earth's rotation and shape, **twilight and dawn** do not directly serve as a proof of the Earth's spherical shape. They are more indicative of the rotational aspect and atmospheric effects rather than the shape itself.

Africa's largest timber producer is

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In terms of the largest timber producers in Africa, it is important to understand which nation has significant timber resources and an established forestry industry. Zaire, known today as the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), is recognized as the largest timber producer in Africa.

The Democratic Republic of Congo has extensive forest coverage, including parts of the Congo Basin, which is the second-largest rainforest in the world after the Amazon. This vast expanse of forestland provides an abundance of timber resources. The country's forestry industry has developed around this natural resource, contributing significantly to its economy.

Other countries like Ghana and Nigeria also have substantial forests and timber industries, but they do not match the scale of Zaire. Malawi, on the other hand, is less known for timber production compared to these countries.

In summary, considering its massive forest expanse and established timber industry, Zaire (the Democratic Republic of Congo) stands out as Africa's largest timber producer.

Which of the following least influences population density in Nigeria?

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Population density refers to the number of people living per unit of area, typically measured in people per square kilometer. In Nigeria, several factors influence population density, including natural, economic, and social factors.

Thick forest vegetation can influence population density by limiting the availability of land for habitation and agricultural activities. Areas with dense forests are usually less populated because they are harder to clear for settlements and farming. Additionally, thick forests may not have sufficient infrastructure, making them less attractive for people to live in.

Similarly, tsetse fly infestation can significantly influence population density. The tsetse fly transmits sleeping sickness, which can be a health hazard for humans and animals. Areas infested with tsetse flies might have lower population densities because people avoid settling in regions where their health and that of their livestock are at risk.

Fertile agricultural land attracts people because it supports farming activities, which is a primary livelihood for many people in Nigeria. As a result, such areas often have higher population densities due to the economic opportunities they provide.

The factor that least influences population density among the given options is mining. While mining can attract workers to specific areas, its influence is usually limited to certain regions where mineral resources are available. Since mining is typically localized and not widespread, its impact on overall population density is generally lower compared to factors like agriculture or disease. Additionally, mining areas might not have sustainable living conditions to attract large populations permanently.

In summary, while all these factors can influence population density, mining has the least impact compared to the other options because it affects fewer regions and often does not provide long-term settlement opportunities.

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When a ship appears over the distant horizon, the mast is seen before the hull. This phenomenon can be explained by considering the shape of the Earth and how light travels.

The Earth is a large sphere, and because of its curvature, objects that are farther away become obscured by the Earth's surface as they move over the horizon. The upper parts of an object, such as the mast of a ship, are further away from the Earth's surface compared to the lower parts, like the hull. As a result, the top parts become visible first as an object like a ship comes over the horizon.

Therefore, due to the curvature of the Earth, the mast, being higher and more elevated, comes into view before the hull as the ship approaches from a distance.

Nigeria is located between longitude

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Nigeria, a country located in West Africa, is situated between the longitudes of 3°E and 15°E. Longitude lines are imaginary vertical lines that run across the Earth's surface from the North Pole to the South Pole. These lines help in determining the east-west position of a particular location on earth. By being positioned between 3°E and 15°E, Nigeria stretches from slightly east of the Prime Meridian, which is 0°, to 15° eastward. This geographical positioning affects several aspects like climate and time zone, making it an important detail in understanding the country's location globally.

A major problem in agricultural development in Nigeria is

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One of the major problems in agricultural development in Nigeria is the insufficient storage facilities.

The agricultural sector in Nigeria often faces difficulties after crops are harvested. Poor storage facilities mean that a substantial portion of the agricultural produce is lost due to spoilage, pests, or damage. This is a significant challenge because:

• **Loss of Produce:** Without adequate storage, farmers cannot preserve excess produce for future use, which leads to food waste and instability in food supply.
• **Reduced Income:** When farmers are unable to store their produce, they may have to sell it quickly and often at lower prices, immediately after harvest. This reduces their potential earnings.
• **Market Imbalance:** Lack of storage facilities can lead to an overflow of produce in the market right after harvest and a shortage during off-season periods, causing fluctuating prices.
• **Quality Degradation:** Poor storage facilities can lead to the degradation of the quality of produce, which in turn affects marketability and consumer trust.

Improving storage facilities would provide farmers with the ability to manage their production better, ensuring a more consistent supply of agricultural products and contributing significantly to the development of agriculture in Nigeria.

One characteristic that distinguishes urban settlements from rural settlements is that

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One characteristic that distinguishes urban settlements from rural settlements is that urban settlements are areas of secondary and tertiary activities.

Let's break this down:

• Urban Settlements: These are typically characterized by higher population density and more developed infrastructure. The economic activities here are primarily focused on secondary activities, such as manufacturing and industry, and tertiary activities, such as services like banking, education, healthcare, and retail. These activities are associated with more advanced stages of economic development and are common in cities and larger towns.


• Rural Settlements: On the other hand, rural areas are often associated with primary activities, such as agriculture, fishing, forestry, and mining. These activities involve direct extraction or harvesting of natural resources and are more common in less densely populated areas like villages or countryside.

To summarize, the primary distinction is that urban settlements focus on secondary and tertiary activities, providing goods and services, ultimately making them different in function and character from rural settlements, which focus more on primary activities.

All the following are advantages of the bush fallowing system in West Africa except that it

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The bush fallowing system in West Africa is not very economical in the use of land. Bush fallowing involves leaving land fallow for several years to regain its fertility, which can lead to inefficient use of land.

Which of the following features is shared by Hong Kong, Java and Manhattan?

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Hong Kong, Java, and Manhattan all share the feature of having a **high population density**. These regions are known for their concentrated population in relatively small areas. Here is a simple explanation for each:

• Hong Kong: As a major financial and cultural center, Hong Kong is known for its skyscrapers and bustling city life, housing a large number of people in a compact space.


• Java: This Indonesian island is one of the most densely populated places in the world, being the political, economic, and cultural hub of Indonesia.


• Manhattan: In New York City, Manhattan is famous for its urban density, with many people living and working in high-rise buildings within a small area, contributing to its status as a significant commercial and cultural center.

In summary, the common feature among these locations is their **high population density**, where large numbers of people reside and engage in various activities within limited geographic spaces.

All the major industrial zones of Nigeria owe their origin mainly to

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The major industrial zones of Nigeria owe their origin mainly to the presence of cash crops. This is because, historically, Nigeria's economy largely depended on agriculture, and the availability of these cash crops provided a foundation for establishing industries. For example, regions where cash crops such as cocoa, palm oil, rubber, and groundnuts were abundantly grown became focal points for industries.


These crops were in high demand both locally and internationally, encouraging the establishment of processing industries to add value before export. This led to the development of infrastructure and contributed to the economic growth of these regions.


Thus, the presence of cash crops has played a significant role in shaping the industrial landscape of Nigeria by attracting investments, creating jobs, and fostering economic development in the respective regions.

Temperatures of adjacent coastlands are reduced when on - shore winds blow over cold currents because the

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The temperatures of adjacent coastlands are reduced when on-shore winds blow over cold currents primarily because the cold currents influence the temperature of the prevailing winds.

Here's how it works in simple terms:

When winds blow over the ocean surface, they pick up characteristics of the water beneath them. If these winds travel over a cold ocean current, the air they carry becomes cooler. As this cooler air moves onto the coastlands, it brings down the temperature of those areas. This is why coastlands experience reduced temperatures when on-shore winds carry the chill from cold ocean currents.

So, the key factor here is the cooling effect of the cold water, which cools the air above it, consequently lowering the temperature of the coastal regions the wind blows onto.

On June 21st, when the sun is overhead at the Tropic of Cancer,places in the Northern Hemisphere experience

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On June 21st, when the sun is overhead at the Tropic of Cancer, places in the Northern Hemisphere experience a phenomenon often referred to as the **Summer Solstice**. This day marks the point when the Northern Hemisphere is tilted closest to the Sun. As a result, it receives the most direct sunlight compared to any other day of the year.

During this time, the day is significantly longer than the night. This is because the Sun travels a longer path through the sky, remaining visible for a larger portion of the 24-hour day. Therefore, areas in the Northern Hemisphere experience a **longer day and shorter night**.

This occurrence is most noticeable the further north you go, with some regions near the Arctic Circle experiencing the phenomenon known as the "Midnight Sun," where the sun is visible at midnight.

Cement factory is usually located near

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The location of a cement factory is primarily influenced by its proximity to the source of raw materials. Cement production involves the use of abundant natural resources such as limestone, clay, and rock, which are crucial ingredients in the manufacturing process. These raw materials are usually heavy and bulky, making transportation costly. Therefore, by situating the cement factory near these resources, transportation costs can be minimized, leading to more efficient and cost-effective production. This proximity also ensures a steady and reliable supply of raw materials, which is essential for uninterrupted production.

All the following are problems of mining in Africa except

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Mining in Africa faces several challenges, but understanding these issues helps in realizing the unique dynamics of the industry on the continent.

Inadequate Unskilled Labour: This is generally not a problem in Africa. The continent has a large population that provides sufficient unskilled labor for mining activities. Thus, an abundance of unskilled labor makes this factor not a significant issue for mining operations.

Use of Obsolete Technology: Many mining operations in Africa struggle with outdated or insufficient technology. This affects the efficiency and safety of mining activities, making it a significant challenge for the industry.

Shortage of Power: Power shortages are common in many African countries and can severely impact mining operations, which require consistent and significant energy for their activities. This is a critical challenge in mining across the continent.

Inadequate Foreign Capital: Many African nations experience difficulty in attracting sufficient foreign capital to invest in modernizing and expanding their mining sectors. This capital is crucial for technology upgrades and infrastructural development in the industry.

In summary, inadequate unskilled labour is not typically a problem for mining in Africa, whereas the other issues listed are significant challenges impacting the industry.

The process of head ward erosion will lead to the formation of

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Let's understand the term **headward erosion**. **Headward erosion** refers to the process where a river or stream erodes its source region, causing the stream's origin to move backward away from the direction of water flow. This process can have several impacts and can lead to the formation of certain landforms.

Among the options provided, **headward erosion** is most commonly associated with the formation of **river capture**. When **headward erosion** continues over time, it can cause one river to extend its course and intersect with a neighboring river, capturing its flow. This event is known as **river capture** or **stream piracy**. Essentially, the rapid erosion at the river's source enables it to cut through the drainage divide and capture the headwaters of another river.

Let's briefly see why the other options are less relevant to **headward erosion**:

• **Potholes** are typically formed on the riverbed as a result of mechanical weathering and the swirling movement of water and debris, rather than headward erosion.
• **Oxbow lakes** form when a meander from a river is cut off, creating a free-standing body of water, which is more a result of lateral erosion rather than headward erosion.
• **Alluvial cones** or **alluvial fans** form where a river or stream spreads out sediment as it exits a mountainous area onto a flatter plain. This is not directly caused by **headward erosion**, but rather sediment deposition.

Therefore, the process of **headward erosion** most directly leads to the formation of **river capture**.

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Life expectancy refers to the average age at which people die. It is a statistical measure that estimates the average number of years a person is expected to live based on current mortality rates. Life expectancy can vary significantly based on various factors such as geography, lifestyle, healthcare quality, and socioeconomic status. It serves as an important indicator of a population's overall health and quality of life.

The major problem facing the utilization of human resources in West Africa is

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One of the major problems impacting the effective utilization of human resources in West Africa is unemployment.

Unemployment is a significant issue because it leads to several challenges that adversely affect both individuals and the economy at large. When people, especially those who are capable and willing to work, do not have jobs, it results in a waste of potential human resources. Let's break down a few reasons why unemployment is such a pressing problem:

• Economic Impact: High unemployment rates mean that a large portion of the population is not contributing to the economic growth of the country. This diminishes the overall productivity and can lead to a lower Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
• Poverty: Unemployment often results in income instability, which can push individuals and families into poverty. This lack of income makes it challenging to meet basic needs such as food, education, and healthcare.
• Social Challenges: High levels of unemployment can lead to increased crime rates and social unrest, as people without jobs may resort to illegal activities to support themselves.
• Brain Drain: Persistently high unemployment can lead to emigration, where skilled individuals move to other countries in search of better opportunities. This exacerbates the issue as it creates a loss of talented individuals who could have contributed to local development.
• Skill Deterioration: When people remain unemployed for extended periods, their professional skills may deteriorate, making it even harder for them to find employment in the future.

Addressing unemployment requires collaborative efforts involving government policies, education systems, and private sector initiatives to create more job opportunities and develop skills that match the demands of the labor market. Therefore, unemployment remains a critical concern in achieving optimal utilization of human resources in West Africa.

The longest river in Africa is River

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The longest river in Africa is the Nile River. The Nile River is renowned for its extraordinary length, stretching approximately 6,650 kilometers (about 4,130 miles). This majestic river traverses several countries in northeastern Africa, including Uganda, Sudan, and primarily Egypt. Its extensive reach makes it the longest river not only in Africa but also in the world, although there is some debate with the Amazon River.

The Nile plays a crucial role in the cultures and economies of the nations it flows through. In ancient Egypt, for instance, it was vital for agriculture, enabling civilizations to thrive by providing a reliable source of water and fertile land for farming. Today, the Nile continues to be a lifeline for millions of people, supporting agriculture, transport, and providing drinking water.

In contrast, the other rivers mentioned, such as the Zambezi, Senegal, and Congo, though significant in their own right, are shorter and do not match the extraordinary length of the Nile River.

The tourist centre of Ogbunike cave is located near

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The Ogbunike Cave is a popular tourist destination located **near Onitsha in Anambra State**. This cave is part of a large system of limestone caves and is known for its historical and cultural significance to the people of the region. It's situated in the southeastern part of Nigeria and is associated with numerous legends and stories that reflect its importance to local traditions. Therefore, the correct location for Ogbunike Cave is **near Onitsha in Anambra State**.

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The term over-population is best defined as the situation where the population exceeds available resources. This means that the number of people in an area is greater than the resources available to sustain them, such as food, water, shelter, and health care. It can lead to various problems including poverty, environmental degradation, and a strain on infrastructure. Over-population occurs when the existing resources cannot meet the needs of the people, resulting in hardship and reduced quality of life.

In contrast, having a birth rate equal to the death rate implies a stable population over time, not necessarily over-population. Increasing birth rate and decreasing infant mortality can contribute to population growth, but they do not solely define over-population. Finally, high population density refers to a large number of people living in a small area, which could lead to over-population if resources are insufficient, but high density alone does not equate to over-population.

When the sun is directly overhead at the tropic of Capricorn (23 %, °) on 22nd December, the Northern Hemisphere experiences it's

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On 22nd December, the sun is directly overhead the Tropic of Capricorn in the Southern Hemisphere. This marks a significant event in both hemispheres.

In the Northern Hemisphere, this date corresponds to the **winter solstice**. Here's why:

The Earth is tilted on its axis by about 23.5 degrees. This tilt is responsible for the changing seasons. Throughout the year, different parts of the Earth receive varying amounts of sunlight depending on the planet's position in its orbit around the Sun.

During the winter solstice, the Northern Hemisphere is tilted farthest away from the Sun. As a result, it experiences the shortest day and the longest night of the year. The **winter solstice** marks the official start of winter in the Northern Hemisphere.

Thus, when the sun is directly overhead at the Tropic of Capricorn on 22nd December, the Northern Hemisphere experiences its **winter solstice**.

The ocean that connects Europe and America is the

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The ocean that connects Europe and America is the Atlantic Ocean.

Here's a simple explanation: The Atlantic Ocean is a massive body of water that lies between the continents of Europe and Africa to the east and the Americas to the west. This ocean is one of the world's five major oceans and is the second largest after the Pacific Ocean. Historically, the Atlantic Ocean has been significantly important as a route for ships traveling between Europe and the Americas, playing a crucial role in exploration, commerce, and cultural exchanges.