JAMB UTME - Geography - 2022

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The term "Error of closure" refers to the failure of the end point of a closed traverse to fall exactly on the point of origin of the traverse. A closed traverse is a type of survey where the starting and ending points are the same. In a perfect survey, the end point should fall exactly on the starting point. However, due to various factors such as measurement errors and inaccuracies in the equipment, the end point may not fall exactly on the starting point. This is known as the error of closure. It is important to measure and correct for the error of closure in order to ensure the accuracy of the survey data.

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The vegetation characteristic of the tropical rainforest is "high undergrowth". Tropical rainforests are characterized by a dense and diverse vegetation structure with multiple layers of vegetation. The high rainfall and warm temperatures provide ideal conditions for the growth of a wide variety of plants, resulting in a complex ecosystem with high biodiversity. The high undergrowth in tropical rainforests is due to the presence of a dense layer of small plants, shrubs, and herbs growing beneath the tall canopy trees. This undergrowth provides important habitats for many animals, including insects, reptiles, and mammals. Additionally, the undergrowth is also an important component of nutrient cycling and soil formation in the rainforest ecosystem.

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The main area in Nigeria where tin-mining activities have caused environmental degradation is the Jos Plateau. Tin-mining involves digging up the earth, which can result in deforestation, soil erosion, and loss of biodiversity. The minerals and waste from the mines can also pollute nearby water sources and harm local wildlife. This has had a significant impact on the environment and local communities on the Jos Plateau.

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The high cost of lumbering operations in tropical forests is mainly due to the "absence of pure stands of trees." In tropical forests, trees are typically widely spaced and occur in a complex, multi-layered canopy structure. This makes it difficult and expensive to extract timber because trees cannot be harvested in large, uniform stands, as they can be in some other types of forests. Instead, selective logging is required, which involves identifying individual trees for harvest and removing them one at a time. This process is slow and labor-intensive, requiring skilled workers and specialized equipment. Furthermore, the uneven distribution of trees in the forest and the rugged terrain can make it difficult to transport harvested timber to processing facilities. All of these factors contribute to the high cost of lumbering operations in tropical forests.

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In a combined maximum and minimum thermometer, the difference between the highest and lowest daily temperature for that day gives the diurnal range of temperature. The diurnal range of temperature is the difference between the highest temperature during the day and the lowest temperature during the night. This measurement gives an indication of the variation in temperature over the course of a day and helps to provide a more complete picture of the weather conditions.

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The given scale of the map is 2cm to 1km. This means that for every 2cm on the map, the real distance on the ground is 1km. Now, if the distance between two towns on the map is 20cm, we need to find the real distance between those two towns on the ground. Using the scale, we know that 2cm on the map represents 1km on the ground. So, we can set up a proportion: 2cm on the map is to 1km on the ground as 20cm on the map is to x km on the ground. Mathematically, we can write it as: 2 cm / 1 km = 20 cm / x km Simplifying this, we get: x = (20 cm * 1 km) / 2 cm x = 10 km Therefore, the real distance between the two towns on the ground is 10km. So, the correct answer is: 10km.

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The correct full meaning of G.I.S is Geographic Information System. A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer-based tool that allows users to store, analyze, and visualize spatial data. It uses maps and layers of data to help people understand patterns and relationships in the world around them. GIS can be used for a wide range of applications, such as mapping the spread of diseases, analyzing crime patterns, managing natural resources, and planning urban infrastructure. It is an important tool for decision-making in various fields, including business, government, and academia.

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The soil does not gain nitrogen through electrical discharge. Electrical discharge, such as lightning, can cause nitrogen to react with oxygen in the air to form nitrogen oxides, which can then dissolve in rain and enter the soil. However, this process is not a significant source of nitrogen for the soil. The three other options listed can all contribute to the soil gaining nitrogen. Denitrification is the process by which bacteria convert nitrates in the soil back into atmospheric nitrogen, which can then be used by other plants. Application of organic manure, such as compost or animal manure, adds organic matter to the soil that contains nitrogen, which can then be broken down by bacteria and released as a nutrient for plants. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation is a process where certain plants, such as legumes, have a mutually beneficial relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria in their root nodules, which allows the plants to use atmospheric nitrogen for their own growth. In summary, while electrical discharge can cause nitrogen to enter the soil in the form of nitrogen oxides, it is not a significant source of nitrogen for the soil, whereas denitrification, application of organic manure, and symbiotic nitrogen fixation are all ways in which the soil can gain nitrogen.

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The type of water left in the soil after excess water has been drained off, following heavy rainfall is known as field capacity. Field capacity refers to the amount of water held in the soil after excess water has drained away due to the force of gravity. When it rains heavily, the soil initially absorbs the water until it becomes saturated. The excess water then drains away, leaving behind the water that is held in the soil by capillary forces. This water is held in the soil pores and is available to plants for their use. The amount of water held in the soil at field capacity depends on the soil type, structure, and porosity. In summary, field capacity refers to the amount of water held in the soil after excess water has drained away, and it is the water that is available to plants for their use.

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In South Africa, a mineral deposit that attracted a large number of white settlers is gold. The gold deposit was found in the Witwatersrand region, which is now part of the greater Johannesburg metropolitan area. The discovery of gold in this area in 1886 sparked the Witwatersrand Gold Rush, which drew thousands of people to the region in search of wealth and opportunity. The large influx of people, including many white settlers, helped to establish Johannesburg as a major city and fueled the growth of South Africa's mining industry. So, the correct option is: - Gold in Witwatersrand.

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The layer of very fine wind-deposited sand and silt is called "loess". Loess is a type of sediment that is made up of tiny particles of sand and silt that have been blown by the wind and deposited in layers. These layers can be found in various parts of the world, including China, the United States, and Europe. The particles in loess are usually very fine, and they can be easily eroded by water or wind. This makes loess a very important type of soil for agriculture, as it is very fertile and can support the growth of crops.

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The area of lowlands in Nigeria that is not on the list is the "The Eastern Scarpland". Nigeria has four major areas of lowlands, namely: 1. The Chad Basin: This area is located in the northeastern part of Nigeria and is characterized by vast savannah plains and low-lying areas. 2. The Coastal Plain: This area is located in the southern part of Nigeria and is characterized by a narrow strip of low-lying land along the coast, which is generally less than 100 meters above sea level. 3. The Niger-Benue Trough: This area is located in the central part of Nigeria and is characterized by a low-lying depression that runs in a northeast-southwest direction. The trough is home to the Niger River and the Benue River. 4. The Eastern Scarpland: This area is located in the southeastern part of Nigeria and is characterized by a high plateau that rises abruptly from the coastal plain to an elevation of about 600 meters above sea level. Unlike the other three areas, it is not a lowland region. In summary, the Eastern Scarpland is not a lowland region in Nigeria, while the Chad Basin, the Coastal Plain, and the Niger-Benue Trough are lowland areas.

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Contour ploughing is a way of controlling soil erosion. Contour ploughing is a farming technique where farmers plough along the curves of a slope, rather than up and down. By following the natural contours of the land, water is more easily absorbed into the soil, reducing runoff and erosion. The rows of crops act as a barrier to further slow down the water, making it easier for the water to penetrate the soil. This technique can be used in areas where there is sloping land, and it has been shown to reduce soil erosion and help retain water in the soil, which is beneficial for crop growth. Overall, contour ploughing is an effective and sustainable way to prevent soil erosion while still allowing farmers to grow crops.

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The atmosphere plays a critical role in supporting the existence of living organisms. One of the most important functions of the atmosphere is that it provides oxygen, a gas that animals and plants need for respiration. Oxygen is necessary for the breakdown of food molecules into energy, which is required by all living cells to carry out their functions. Therefore, without the atmosphere, most living organisms would not be able to survive. Furthermore, the atmosphere also helps regulate the Earth's temperature and protects living organisms from harmful radiation from the sun. Additionally, it helps to distribute water and nutrients around the planet through the water cycle. This cycle enables plants to grow, which in turn provides food for other living organisms. In summary, the atmosphere's most important contribution to living organisms is the provision of oxygen for respiration, the regulation of the Earth's temperature, and the distribution of water and nutrients through the water cycle.

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To find the ground distance between two towns given the scale of two maps, we can use the concept of map scale. Map scale is the ratio of the distance on a map to the corresponding distance on the ground. For map scale a of 1:100,000, it means that one unit on the map represents 100,000 units on the ground. For map scale b of 1:400,000, it means that one unit on the map represents 400,000 units on the ground. Given the distance of 10cm between the two towns on the maps, we need to convert it to the actual ground distance. For map a, 1cm on the map represents 100,000cm on the ground. Therefore, 10cm on the map represents 10 x 100,000cm = 1,000,000cm = 10km on the ground. For map b, 1cm on the map represents 400,000cm on the ground. Therefore, 10cm on the map represents 10 x 400,000cm = 4,000,000cm = 40km on the ground. So the correct answer is 10km and 40km.

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A watershed is a highland area that separates the headstreams of rivers flowing in different directions but rising from the same mountainous source. Think of a watershed like a divide between two river systems, where water on one side of the divide flows in one direction, while water on the other side flows in another direction. This divide helps to direct the flow of water and determine the path of the rivers that eventually form from the headstreams.

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Unreliability is not a problem involved in harnessing solar energy. Solar energy is considered a renewable energy source, which means it is sustainable and will never run out. The energy is harnessed from the sun, which means it is abundant and widely available. Therefore, unreliability is not a problem with solar energy. On the other hand, poor technological know-how, adequacy of capital, and fear of competition with established energy sources are some of the challenges involved in harnessing solar energy. Poor technological know-how can lead to inefficient use of solar panels or other solar energy technologies. Adequacy of capital can be a problem since solar energy systems can be expensive to install and maintain. Fear of competition with established energy sources can discourage investment in solar energy and limit its growth.

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The term that is defined as the total surrounding or medium of any organism in a given area is "Environment". This includes both living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) factors, such as air, water, soil, sunlight, plants, animals, and microorganisms. An ecosystem is a community of living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment, interacting as a system. Therefore, while an ecosystem includes the environment, it specifically refers to the interactions between the living and non-living components within a particular area.

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The surveying instrument used to set out lines at right angles to the main chain line is the optical square. An optical square is a small device that has a built-in spirit level and a sighting mechanism. The spirit level helps to ensure that the device is level and the sighting mechanism helps to align the device with the main chain line. By using an optical square, surveyors can easily set out lines that are perpendicular to the main chain line.

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The condition of the lower atmosphere of a place over a short period is referred to as weather. Weather includes various elements such as temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind speed, and pressure, and it can change from day to day or hour to hour. Climate, on the other hand, is a long-term average of weather patterns over a period of 30 years or more.

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The farming activity that best describes the rearing of only animals like cattle, sheep and goat mainly in the savanna belt of the north is pastoral farming. Pastoral farming is a type of farming that focuses on raising and caring for livestock animals such as cattle, sheep, and goats. This type of farming is often practiced in arid or semi-arid regions, such as the savanna belt of the north, where crops cannot be grown easily. Pastoral farmers rely on grazing the animals on natural vegetation or providing them with hay or silage during times of drought. Unlike mixed farming, which involves both the rearing of animals and the cultivation of crops, pastoral farming is solely focused on raising livestock. Similarly, intensive farming involves high inputs of capital and technology to maximize crop yields and animal production, which is not commonly seen in pastoral farming. Therefore, the most appropriate option for the farming activity that describes rearing of only animals like cattle, sheep and goat mainly in the savanna belt of the north is pastoral farming.

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When the salinity of an ocean is high, the ocean water is denser than water with lower salinity. This is because the dissolved salts in the water increase its density. As a result, the high salinity water tends to sink and flow towards the bottom of the ocean, towards areas with lower salinity. This movement of water helps to mix the ocean and distribute heat and nutrients throughout the water column. So, the correct option is: - the ocean water is dense and creeps at the bottom of the ocean towards low salinity areas.

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The least industrialized zone in Nigeria among the options given is Lokoja-Ajaokuta. This area is located in the North-Central region of Nigeria and is home to the Ajaokuta Steel Company, which was established to drive industrialization in the area. However, the company has faced many challenges, including mismanagement, lack of funding, and corruption, which has prevented it from achieving its full potential. As a result, the zone has not been able to attract significant industrial development, unlike other areas such as Lagos-Ikeja, Port Harcourt-Aba, and Kaduna-Zaria, which have more diversified and vibrant economies.

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The North Atlantic sea route is a trade route between Europe and North America, crossing the North Atlantic Ocean. Out of the options listed, "Lagos-Antwerp," "Lagos-Southampton," and "Lagos-Rotterdam" are all seaports used in the North Atlantic sea route, as they are ports in Europe that are connected to North America via this trade route. However, "Lagos-Montreal" is not a seaport used in the North Atlantic sea route, as Lagos is a port in West Africa, not in Europe or North America.

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The wind which blows across the Atlantic Ocean towards the coast of Nigeria and brings the rainy season is known as the Tropical maritime airmass. It is a warm, moist and unstable air mass that originates from the Atlantic Ocean and moves towards the west coast of Africa, carrying moisture and heat. As it reaches the Nigerian coast, it rises and cools, causing clouds to form and precipitation to fall, which results in the rainy season. The Tropical maritime airmass is an important weather phenomenon in West Africa, and its arrival marks the beginning of the rainy season in the region.

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To calculate the population density of country Y, we need to divide its population by its land area. Population density = Population / Land area Substituting the values given, we get: Population density = 10,000,000 / 200,000 km2 Simplifying this expression, we get: Population density = 50 persons/km2 Therefore, the correct answer is: "50 persons per km2". This means that there are 50 people living within each square kilometer of the country. It is a measure of how crowded or sparse a place is with people. A lower population density indicates that there are fewer people living in a larger area, while a higher population density suggests that many people live in a smaller area. In this case, the population density of 50 persons per km2 indicates that the country is moderately populated.

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The lowest part in the soil profile is known as "bedrock". Bedrock is the solid rock layer that is located underneath all the other soil layers. It is made up of consolidated rock and is typically composed of minerals such as granite, limestone, or basalt. Bedrock is the base upon which all other soil layers are formed, and it is an important factor in determining the fertility and composition of the soil. The depth of the bedrock layer can vary depending on the location, with some areas having shallow bedrock and others having deep bedrock.

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The process of lowering and leveling of the earth's surface by gradual breaking and wearing away of such earth's surfaces is referred to as "Denudation". Denudation is a natural process that occurs over time due to various factors such as wind, water, ice, and temperature changes. These factors cause the breakdown of rock and soil, leading to the gradual lowering of the earth's surface. The process of denudation helps to create a more level and smooth surface, shaping the landscape over time. Examples of denudation include erosion of river banks, coastal cliffs, and mountain slopes. The process is continuous and ongoing, slowly altering the earth's surface over time. Understanding denudation is important in fields such as geology and earth science, as it helps to explain the formation and evolution of the landscape.

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A problem of landlocked countries is "political dependence." A landlocked country is a country that does not have access to the sea, which means that it has to rely on its neighboring countries to access international trade routes. This can create a situation where the landlocked country becomes dependent on its neighbors for trade, transportation, and other economic activities. If the neighboring countries are politically unstable or have poor relations with the landlocked country, this can create problems for the landlocked country's economy. For example, the neighboring countries could impose trade restrictions, increase transit fees, or disrupt transportation routes, which can lead to higher costs and delays in importing and exporting goods. Political dependence can also limit the landlocked country's ability to pursue its own political and economic interests. It may be difficult for the landlocked country to develop its own foreign policies, establish new trade relationships, or negotiate favorable terms with other countries if it is heavily reliant on its neighbors for transportation and trade. Overall, political dependence is a significant challenge for landlocked countries, which can limit their economic development and political autonomy.

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The correct arrangement of the layers of the Earth's crust from the surface to the interior is: "Sial, Sima, Mantle, and Core". The Earth's crust is made up of several layers that differ in composition and density. The outermost layer of the Earth's crust is the "sial" layer, which is composed of lighter, more buoyant rocks like granite and has a lower density compared to the underlying layer. Below the sial layer is the "sima" layer, which is composed of denser rocks like basalt. The sima layer is thicker and denser than the sial layer, and it extends down to a depth of around 1800 miles. The next layer after the sima layer is the "mantle," which is the thickest layer of the Earth's crust. The mantle is composed of rocks that are even denser than the sima layer, and it extends down to a depth of around 2900 km. The innermost layer of the Earth's crust is the "core," which is made up of two layers, an outer core and an inner core. The outer core is composed of liquid iron and nickel, while the inner core is a solid ball of iron and nickel. In summary, the correct arrangement of the layers of the Earth's crust from the surface to the interior is sial, sima, mantle, and core.

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Migration is best defined as the movement of people from one geographical area to another involving permanent or temporary residence or settlement. Migration is a process where people move from one place to another for various reasons such as better job opportunities, improved living conditions, education, or to escape conflict, natural disasters, or political persecution. People who migrate are called migrants. Migration can be internal, within a country, or international, between countries. It can also be temporary, such as seasonal migration for work or permanent, such as when people move to a new country to settle permanently. Migration has been an important aspect of human history, shaping societies and cultures throughout the world. However, it can also pose significant challenges, such as the integration of migrants into new communities and the strain on resources in areas with high levels of immigration. Understanding migration patterns and their impact is an important area of study for governments, policymakers, and researchers in order to ensure that migration is managed in a way that benefits both migrants and the societies they move to.

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The advantage of overpopulation listed in the options is "Quick information dissemination," and the option that is NOT an advantage of overpopulation is "Insufficient food." Overpopulation refers to a situation where the number of people in a particular area exceeds the available resources to sustain them. While there are some advantages to having a large population, such as a larger workforce and increased socialization, there are also many negative consequences, such as insufficient food and resources, which can lead to poverty, disease, and other problems. Quick information dissemination can be an advantage of overpopulation because with more people around, information can spread quickly and easily. For example, news about a new product or service can reach a large number of people quickly, which can be beneficial for businesses and individuals trying to get their message out. Insufficient food, on the other hand, is not an advantage of overpopulation, but rather a consequence of it. When there are too many people in a given area and not enough resources to sustain them, there can be shortages of food and other essential resources. This can lead to hunger, malnutrition, and other health problems, which can have a negative impact on both individuals and communities. Therefore, it is important to ensure that population growth is sustainable and that resources are managed in a way that can support the needs of all people.

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The lines drawn on maps to join all places in the ocean that have the same degree of salinity are called isohalines. "Iso" means equal and "haline" refers to the saltiness of water, so isohalines are simply lines that connect points with the same level of salinity. These lines can help oceanographers and other scientists to understand how salinity changes in different parts of the ocean and how it can affect things like ocean currents and the distribution of marine life. So, in short, isohalines are lines on a map that connect places with the same saltiness level in the ocean.