JAMB UTME - Computer Studies - 2022

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The permanent memory built into a computer is called ROM (Read-Only Memory). It is called "read-only" because, unlike RAM (Random Access Memory), which can be written to and rewritten, the information stored in ROM cannot be changed by the computer or the user. ROM is a type of memory that is built into the computer's hardware and contains the basic instructions that the computer needs to boot up and run its basic functions. These instructions are often referred to as the "firmware" of the computer, and include the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) that controls the startup process, as well as other low-level software that interacts directly with the computer's hardware. CD-ROM, on the other hand, is a type of storage medium that can be used to store data or programs, but it is not built into the computer itself. CDs and DVDs can be used to store data, programs, or other types of media, but they are not considered a type of permanent memory built into the computer.

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A computer cannot boot if it does not have an operating system (OS). An operating system is the most basic software that runs on a computer and is responsible for managing and coordinating all the activities of the computer hardware and software. It is the first program that runs when the computer starts up, and it is responsible for initializing the hardware and loading other software, such as device drivers and applications. Without an operating system, the computer would not be able to perform any useful tasks, as it would not have the necessary software to control and manage its hardware components. Examples of popular operating systems include Microsoft Windows, macOS, and Linux.

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Among the options given, critical thinking is not a model used in problem solving. Critical thinking is a mental process that involves analyzing and evaluating information, reasoning, and making decisions. It is a skill that is used to approach problems in a thoughtful and logical way. However, it is not a formal problem-solving model that provides a structured approach to solving a problem. On the other hand, SDLC (Software Development Life Cycle), waterfall, and prototype are models used in problem solving. SDLC is a structured approach used to develop and maintain software. It involves a series of phases that includes planning, analysis, design, implementation, and maintenance. This model provides a framework to guide the development of software systems. Waterfall is a linear sequential approach to software development where each phase must be completed before the next phase can begin. It is a model used to manage the development of software systems, and it emphasizes the importance of planning and documentation. Prototype is a model used in problem solving where a working model of a product or solution is developed to test and refine its features and functionalities. It is used to gather feedback and identify areas for improvement before the final product is developed. In summary, critical thinking is a mental process that is used in problem solving, but it is not a formal problem-solving model. SDLC, waterfall, and prototype are examples of problem-solving models that provide structured approaches to solving problems in various fields.

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The base 10 system, also known as the decimal system, is unique because it is the most widely used number system in the world and has been adopted by nearly all cultures and civilizations. The reason for this widespread usage is that it is based on the number of human fingers, with 10 being the number of digits on two hands. This made it a convenient and intuitive system for early humans to count and perform mathematical operations with. Additionally, the base 10 system allows for easy representation of numbers using only 10 symbols (0 to 9), making it simple to write, communicate, and perform mathematical operations with larger numbers.

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The rules that govern the structure of a command or programming language is called Syntax. Syntax determines the proper order and format of the elements that make up a command or program, such as keywords, variables, and operators. These rules must be followed precisely to create a functioning program. Syntax errors occur when these rules are not followed, and the program will not execute properly. So, in summary, Syntax is a set of rules that define the correct structure and formatting of a command or programming language.

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A DBMS (Database Management System) provides comprehensive solutions to reduce data redundancy, inconsistency, dependence, and unauthorized access of data. Data redundancy refers to the duplication of data in a database, which can lead to inconsistencies and take up unnecessary storage space. A DBMS helps to eliminate data redundancy by ensuring that each piece of data is stored only once and is consistently maintained. Data inconsistency refers to the occurrence of conflicting data in a database, which can lead to problems when trying to make decisions based on the data. A DBMS helps to maintain data consistency by enforcing constraints and rules that ensure that data is entered consistently and accurately. Data dependence refers to the relationship between different pieces of data in a database. A DBMS helps to reduce data dependence by allowing data to be stored in separate tables and establishing relationships between those tables. This reduces the risk of changes in one table affecting the data in another table. Finally, a DBMS provides security features to prevent unauthorized access to the data stored in the database. This includes controlling access to the database through user authentication and authorization, as well as ensuring that sensitive data is encrypted to protect it from being accessed by unauthorized individuals. In short, a DBMS provides a centralized and organized way to store, manage, and secure data to ensure its accuracy, consistency, and security.

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The first commuters were programmed using machine language. Machine language is the lowest-level programming language that can be used to write computer programs. It consists of binary code, which is a sequence of 1's and 0's that the computer can understand and execute directly. The first computers, such as the ENIAC, did not have high-level programming languages like we have today, such as Python or Java. Instead, they had to be programmed using machine language. This meant that the programmers had to manually enter long sequences of binary code to perform even the simplest tasks on the computer. As computers advanced, higher-level programming languages were developed to make programming easier and more accessible to non-experts. These higher-level languages are often compiled into machine language, which the computer can then execute. But in the early days of computing, programmers had no choice but to write code directly in machine language.

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The acronym "IP address" stands for "Internet Protocol address". An IP address is a unique numerical identifier assigned to each device connected to the internet. Think of it like a phone number for your computer or other device. When you visit a website, your device sends a request to the website's IP address and then the website responds by sending the requested information back to your device's IP address. This is how devices on the internet communicate with each other.

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CPU stands for Central Processing Unit. It is the primary component of a computer system that carries out instructions of a computer program. The CPU is often referred to as the "brain" of the computer, as it performs the majority of the calculations and operations that are necessary for the computer to function. The CPU is responsible for fetching instructions from the computer's memory, decoding those instructions, executing them, and then storing the results back in memory. It is made up of several sub-components, including the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) which performs mathematical operations, and the control unit (CU) which manages the flow of data and instructions within the CPU and to other parts of the computer system.

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The logical structure of a database can be depicted through its data model. A data model is a conceptual representation of data and the relationships between data elements in a database. It defines the structure of the database, including tables, columns, and the relationships between them. The data model can be thought of as a blueprint or a map for the database, showing how data is organized and how it can be accessed. It is an abstract representation of the database, separate from the specific software or hardware used to implement it. By using a data model, designers and developers can ensure that the database is structured in a logical and consistent way, which can improve performance, scalability, and ease of use.

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The joystick typically has a button on top, used to select the option pointed by the cursor. A joystick is an input device that allows a user to control the movement of a cursor on a screen or to interact with a virtual environment or game. The joystick typically has a stick or lever that can be moved in different directions to control the movement of the cursor. The button on the top of the joystick is used to select the option that the cursor is pointing to on the screen. This button is commonly referred to as the "trigger" button, and it allows the user to perform actions such as selecting a menu option, firing a weapon in a game, or interacting with objects in a virtual environment. Overall, the joystick and its trigger button provide a simple and intuitive way for users to interact with software and games, making them a popular input device for a wide range of applications.

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The most basic network is a Personal Area Network or PAN. A PAN is a network that connects devices located within a relatively small area, typically within a person's personal space. This can include devices like smartphones, tablets, laptops, and other wearable devices. A PAN can be created using different types of technologies like Bluetooth or Wi-Fi, which allow devices to communicate with each other and share resources such as files, internet connection, and printers, among others. For example, if you have a smartphone and a wireless headset, you can create a PAN by connecting your phone to the headset via Bluetooth. This allows you to make and receive phone calls hands-free. In summary, a PAN is the most basic network as it connects devices within a small personal area and is easy to set up and use. It is the foundation upon which larger and more complex networks like LAN, WAN, and MAN are built.

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The key that deletes text is the backspace key. When you type, the characters you enter are added to the right of the cursor, which shows you where the next character will be inserted. If you want to delete a character, you can move the cursor to the left of that character using the arrow keys, and then press the backspace key. This will remove the character to the left of the cursor. You can also use the backspace key to delete a selection of text. To do this, you first need to highlight the text you want to delete by clicking and dragging the cursor over it. Once the text is highlighted, you can press the backspace key to delete it. In summary, the backspace key is used to delete characters to the left of the cursor or to delete a selected portion of text.

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The Windows Explorer is divided into five categories, which are: 1. Quick Access: This category contains shortcuts to frequently accessed folders and files, such as the Desktop, Documents, and Downloads folders. 2. OneDrive: This category displays files and folders stored on OneDrive, Microsoft's cloud storage service. 3. This PC: This category displays all the drives and storage devices connected to the computer, including the hard drive, external drives, and USB flash drives. 4. Network: This category displays other devices on the local network, such as other computers or printers that are connected. 5. Recycle Bin: This category contains files and folders that have been deleted from the computer and are waiting to be permanently deleted or restored. These categories help users easily navigate and find files and folders on their computer, as well as access files and folders stored in the cloud or on other devices connected to the network.

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Firefox is an example of application software. Application software is any computer program designed to perform specific tasks or provide a specific functionality to the user. It is created to help the user with various tasks such as creating documents, browsing the internet, editing photos and videos, or playing games. Application software is generally designed to be easy to use and is intended for non-technical users. Firefox is a web browser that allows users to browse the internet, access web content, and perform various online tasks. It is a standalone software application that is installed on a computer or mobile device and is used to perform a specific function. Therefore, Firefox is an example of application software.

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A computer monitor is also known as a VDU, which stands for "Visual Display Unit." This is because the monitor is responsible for displaying the visual output of the computer, allowing you to see the information, images, videos, and graphics that are generated by the computer's software. The VDU or monitor is an essential part of any computer setup, and without it, you wouldn't be able to interact with your computer in a meaningful way. So, in short, a computer monitor and a VDU are the same thing! As for the other options, DVU, UVD, and CCTV are not commonly used terms for a computer monitor.

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Microsoft Word is not a network for the distribution of information. Microsoft Word is a word processing software that is used to create, edit, and format documents. It is not a network because it does not distribute information, it is used to create and store information on a single device or in a cloud storage service. On the other hand, cloud storage, several computers to one printer, and e-mail are all examples of networks that distribute information.

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The process of dividing a disk into tracks and sectors is called "formatting". Formatting prepares a new disk for use by creating a file system that can store and organize data. Tracks are circular paths on the disk, and sectors are small sections within each track. By dividing the disk into tracks and sectors, formatting allows the operating system to efficiently read and write data to the disk. Think of it like drawing lines on a blank piece of paper to create a grid. The grid allows you to organize your content and write in an orderly manner. Similarly, formatting divides the disk into a grid-like structure that the computer can use to organize and store data.

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The part of a processor that contains the hardware necessary to perform all the operations required by a computer is the "Data path". The data path, also known as the "Arithmetic Logic Unit" (ALU), is a component of the processor that performs arithmetic and logical operations on data. It is responsible for carrying out the instructions of the computer program, performing calculations, and manipulating data. The controller, registers, and cache are also important components of a processor, but they do not contain the hardware necessary to perform all the operations required by a computer. The controller, also known as the "Control Unit", is responsible for directing the flow of data and instructions within the processor, as well as between the processor and other components of the computer. Registers are high-speed storage locations within the processor that store data temporarily for processing. Cache is a small amount of high-speed memory that stores frequently used data and instructions, making them quickly accessible to the processor. Therefore, out of the given options, the data path or ALU is the part of the processor that contains the hardware necessary to perform all the operations required by a computer.

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Computer software can be classified into two main parts: system software and application software. 1. System software: This type of software includes the programs that control the hardware components of a computer system and provide a platform for running other software applications. Examples of system software include operating systems, device drivers, utility programs, and firmware. 2. Application software: This type of software is designed to perform specific tasks or functions for the user. Application software can be further classified into two subcategories: general-purpose applications and specialized applications. Examples of general-purpose applications include word processors, spreadsheets, and web browsers, while examples of specialized applications include graphics software, database software, and video editing software. In summary, computer software can be classified into two main parts: system software and application software. The system software controls the hardware and provides a platform for running other software applications, while application software is designed to perform specific tasks or functions for the user.

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An ATM, or Automated Teller Machine, is typically used for withdrawing cash. It is a machine that allows customers of a financial institution to perform financial transactions, such as withdrawing cash, checking their account balance, or depositing money, without the need to visit a bank branch. ATMs are widely available and can be found in many public places such as shopping centers, airports, and gas stations. They provide customers with convenient access to their money 24 hours a day, seven days a week.

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The illegal access to a network or computer system is called hacking. Hacking refers to unauthorized access to a computer system or network with the intention of compromising its security and potentially causing harm. This can include stealing sensitive information, installing malicious software, or disrupting the normal functioning of the system. Hacking is illegal and can result in serious consequences for the hacker, such as fines and imprisonment. It is important for individuals and organizations to take steps to secure their networks and systems to prevent unauthorized access.

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The actual physical network of wires, cables, and satellites that connects computers and resources throughout the world is the Internet. The Internet is a global network of connected devices that enables communication and exchange of information between computers. It enables devices to connect and share resources such as websites, email, files, and other digital content. The Internet uses a variety of communication protocols and technologies, including wired and wireless connections, to facilitate this communication and exchange of information. The Internet is a vital part of our daily lives, providing access to information and enabling us to communicate and collaborate with others from anywhere in the world.

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Internet Explorer is a web browser that is used to view web pages on the internet. It allows users to access different websites and view the content on those sites, such as text, images, videos, and other media. Internet Explorer is designed to make it easy for users to navigate the internet by providing tools such as search bars, bookmarks, and tabs. While it may be possible to play movies or music within Internet Explorer, its primary purpose is to browse the internet and display web pages.

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An example of software is Operating Systems. Software is a set of instructions that tell a computer what to do. It is a type of computer program that is designed to perform specific tasks on a computer or other electronic device. Operating systems are a type of software that controls the basic functions of a computer, such as managing its memory and processing power, and providing a platform for other software to run on. A Joystick, Keyboard, and Mouse are examples of hardware, which are physical devices that are used to input information into a computer or other electronic device.

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Computer applications are an example of software. Software refers to the programs, data, and instructions that tell a computer what to do and how to do it. Computer applications are specific types of software that are designed to perform particular tasks or solve particular problems. Examples of computer applications include web browsers, word processors, email clients, and games. Computer applications are different from computer hardware, which refers to the physical components of a computer, such as the processor, memory, and storage devices. Computer utilities and program packages are different types of software that can be used to manage and maintain a computer system, but they are not the same as computer applications, which are designed for specific tasks and are often used by end-users. In summary, computer applications are a type of software, which refers to the programs, data, and instructions that tell a computer what to do and how to do it. Computer applications are designed to perform specific tasks or solve specific problems, and examples include web browsers, word processors, email clients, and games.

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Running other software on an idle computer without the knowledge of the organization is called theft of computer time. This means that the person is using the resources (e.g. processing power, memory, storage) of the computer without permission, which can slow down the performance of the computer and potentially interfere with the work of others. This unauthorized use of resources can be seen as equivalent to theft, since the person is taking something (in this case, computer time) without permission.

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The Java interpreter translates a Java program from its original form, which is a high-level programming language, into a special type of code called "bytecode." Bytecode is a low-level code that is specific to the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), which is a software layer that sits between the Java program and the computer's hardware. When a Java program is compiled, it is translated into bytecode rather than machine language. Bytecode is a form of binary code that is designed to be portable across different platforms, meaning that it can run on any computer that has a JVM installed, regardless of the specific hardware or operating system. So, to summarize, the Java interpreter translates a Java program from a high-level programming language into bytecode, which is a low-level binary code that is specific to the JVM. The bytecode can then be executed by the JVM on any computer that has it installed.

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A computer file is a place on a computer where information is stored in a package. A file can contain many different types of information, including text, images, audio, video, and executable programs. The information in a file is organized in a specific format, and the file can be opened and edited using appropriate software. For example, a text file contains plain text, while a Word document file contains formatted text and other elements like images and tables. A file is often saved with a specific name and extension that identifies the type of file and the type of information it contains. The extension is the part of the file name that comes after the dot, such as ".txt" for a plain text file or ".docx" for a Microsoft Word document file.

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ICT stands for Information and Communication Technology. It refers to the use of technology, including hardware, software, and telecommunications equipment, to manage, process, and exchange information and communicate with each other. ICT encompasses a wide range of technologies, including computers, the internet, telephones, and other forms of digital and wireless communication. The goal of ICT is to improve communication and access to information, making it easier and more efficient for people to connect and share information.

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A linker program is a software tool that links different parts of a computer program together. Think of a computer program as a puzzle with many pieces. The linker takes all those pieces and puts them together to make the complete program. The linker performs tasks such as combining object files, resolving symbol references, and creating the final executable file. The linker program takes care of the following tasks: 1. Linking the program with other programs needed for its execution. For example, if a program uses a library like the C standard library, the linker will link the program with that library so that the program can use its functions. 2. Relocating the program to execute from a specific memory area allocated to it. This means that the linker will place the program in a specific area of the computer's memory so that it can be executed. 3. Interfacing the program with the entities generating its input data. This means that the linker will make sure that the program can receive data from other parts of the system, such as user input or data from a file. In summary, the linker program is responsible for putting all the pieces of a computer program together so that it can be executed correctly.

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The correct answer is "Directories." Directories are special files that organize the hierarchical structure of the file system by grouping related files together into named collections. They act like folders, allowing users to easily locate and access the files they need. Each directory can contain other directories (sub-directories) and files. For example, in a Windows system, the "C:\Users" directory contains a sub-directory for each user account on the computer, and each user account directory contains sub-directories for documents, pictures, music, etc. In short, directories allow us to maintain a structured and organized file system.

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System software has the major function of controlling and managing the computer system. It is a type of software that acts as an intermediary between the computer hardware and the user applications. System software is responsible for coordinating the activities and sharing of resources of the computer hardware, such as the central processing unit (CPU), memory, and storage. It also provides basic services for other software, such as file management, security, and memory management. Examples of system software include operating systems, device drivers, and utility programs. The primary goal of system software is to provide an environment for the smooth and efficient operation of the computer and its components.

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When a computer application is running, it is stored in the computer's memory, which allows it to continue functioning as long as it is needed. In the case of logging off, shutting down, or rebooting the computer, all applications currently running on the system are closed or terminated. Therefore, the running application would not remain active in any of these situations. However, in the case of a user switching, the running application can remain active. This is because when a user switches on a computer that is running, the operating system creates a new user session while keeping the current user's session active. In this scenario, the running application would continue to function within the current user's session, while the new user session would be independent and have its own set of applications and processes. Therefore, the running application would remain active when the user is switched.

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Sheet tabs in Microsoft Excel can be renamed by double-clicking on the sheet tab and entering the new name. To do this, simply click on the sheet tab that you want to rename and wait for it to become active. Then, double-click on the tab, and the name will become editable. Type in the new name you want for the sheet and press the Enter key or click outside the tab to save the changes.

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The example of an output device is a speaker. An output device is any device that receives information or data from a computer or electronic device and presents or displays it to the user in a perceivable format. In the case of a speaker, it receives sound data from a computer or electronic device and produces audible sound waves that can be heard by the user. Speakers are commonly used to play music, watch videos or movies, and listen to audio from video games. On the other hand, a keyboard and mouse are examples of input devices because they allow the user to input data or commands into a computer or electronic device. Similarly, a microphone is also an input device as it converts sound waves into electrical signals that can be processed by a computer or electronic device.

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The function of an assembler is to convert assembly language to machine language. Assembly language is a low-level programming language that is used to program computers and microprocessors. It consists of a series of instructions and operations that are written in human-readable text, and the assembler converts these instructions into machine code that the computer can understand and execute. The machine code is a series of binary digits (0s and 1s) that represent the instructions and operations in a form that the computer can process. In this way, the assembler acts as a bridge between the human-readable assembly language and the machine-readable machine code, allowing programmers to write code in a form that is easier for them to understand and debug, while still allowing the computer to execute the code efficiently.

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The touchpad of a laptop serves the same function as a mouse. A touchpad is a flat surface on the laptop that you can slide your finger on to move the cursor on the screen. Just like a mouse, you can use the touchpad to select, click, and scroll. It provides an alternative to using a traditional mouse for navigation on the laptop.

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A logic circuit performs "processing and controlling" functions. A logic circuit is an electronic circuit that performs a specific logical operation, which is based on the principles of Boolean algebra. It takes one or more digital inputs and produces a digital output based on a set of rules, known as a truth table. The primary function of a logic circuit is to process and control the input signals to produce a desired output signal. In other words, it performs logical operations on the input signals to generate the desired output signal. This makes it a processing and controlling device. For example, a logic circuit can be used to perform a simple logic function, such as a logical AND operation, which takes two input signals and produces an output signal that is true only when both input signals are true. This output signal can then be used to control the behavior of another device or system. In summary, logic circuits are used in a wide variety of electronic devices, such as computers, calculators, and mobile phones, to process and control digital signals, which makes them an essential component of digital technology.