JAMB UTME - Geography - 2023

Soil erosion by action of rain can be caused by all of the following except

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Soil erosion by rain can occur when the force of raindrops and the resulting surface runoff remove the top layer of soil. This process can be harmful and lead to the loss of fertile soil needed for growing crops and plant growth. There are several factors that can contribute to soil erosion by rain, but one of the options mentioned does not cause it. Let's analyze each option:

Tropical rainstorms: Tropical rainstorms are often associated with heavy rainfall and intense precipitation. The large amount of rainwater can create powerful runoff that can wash away soil particles and contribute to erosion. Therefore, tropical rainstorms can indeed cause soil erosion by rain.

Scanty vegetation: Vegetation, such as plants and trees, plays a crucial role in preventing soil erosion. The roots of plants help hold the soil together, reducing the impact of raindrops and preventing excessive runoff. When vegetation is sparse or absent, there are no roots to anchor the soil, making it more vulnerable to erosion. So, scanty vegetation can contribute to soil erosion by rain.

Steep slopes: Steep slopes can accelerate the process of soil erosion by rain. When rainwater flows down a steep slope, it gains momentum and power, increasing the force with which it hits the soil. This force can dislodge soil particles and carry them away, leading to erosion. Therefore, steep slopes can cause soil erosion by rain.

Aridity: Aridity refers to dryness or a lack of moisture. In arid regions, rainfall is limited, and the soil may be dry and less prone to erosion caused by rain. The lack of significant rainfall reduces the chances of soil particles being dislodged by raindrops or carried away by runoff, making aridity a factor that does not cause soil erosion by rain.

In conclusion, all the options except aridity can contribute to soil erosion by rain. Tropical rainstorms, scanty vegetation, and steep slopes can all increase the likelihood of soil erosion. However, in arid regions where there is a lack of moisture, the risk of soil erosion caused by rain is reduced.

An example of a coastline of emergence is

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A coastline of emergence refers to a type of coastline where the land is rising relative to the sea level. This rise in land can be caused by geological processes such as tectonic movements or isostatic rebound. One example of a coastline of emergence is a **raised beach**. A raised beach is a coastal landform that was once at sea level but has been lifted up above the current sea level. This lifting can occur due to processes like tectonic activity or changes in the Earth's crust. When the land rises, the shoreline shifts upwards, leaving behind a flat or gently sloping platform. This platform, known as a raised beach, is typically located above the reach of waves and tides. It can vary in width and elevation, extending for several kilometers inland. A raised beach often has distinctive features such as wave-cut notches, terraces, and marine deposits like shells or sediments. These features serve as evidence of its former connection to the sea. It is important to note that a raised beach is just one type of coastline of emergence. Other examples include dalmation coasts, ria coasts, and estuarine coasts. However, among the given options, a raised beach best represents a coastline of emergence.

The part of the earth crust covered by water bodies is known as the

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The part of the earth's crust covered by water bodies is known as the hydrosphere. The hydrosphere includes all the water on Earth, including oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, and even groundwater and atmospheric water vapor.
The hydrosphere plays a crucial role in supporting life on Earth. It provides habitats for a wide range of organisms and helps regulate the planet's climate. The hydrosphere is also a vital source of freshwater, which is essential for drinking, agriculture, and various other human activities.
The term "sial" refers to the upper part of the earth's crust, which is made up of lighter rocks like granite and makes up the continents. Therefore, it is not the correct answer for this question.
The stratosphere, on the other hand, is a layer of the Earth's atmosphere located above the troposphere. It extends from about 10 kilometers (6.2 miles) to 50 kilometers (31 miles) above the Earth's surface. The stratosphere contains the ozone layer, which helps protect the Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation. However, it is not related to the crust or water bodies, so it is not the correct answer either.
In summary, the correct answer is the hydrosphere, which refers to the part of the Earth's crust covered by water bodies.

The table above shows the temperature and rainfall distribution of station Z. Study and use it to answer the question.

What is the annual range of temperature for station Z

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The annual range of temperature is calculated by subtracting the lowest temperature of the year from the highest temperature of the year. From the table, the highest temperature is 32oC (in April) and the lowest is 22oC (in January). Therefore, the annual range of temperature is 32 - 22 = 10oC.

Which of the following is associated with savanna vegetation?

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avannas represents the vast majority of the areas which are characterised by a layerof perenial herbaceous plants, such as sedges with varrying degree of scrubs

Plateaux formed together with fold mountains are best described as

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Plateaux formed together with fold mountains are best described as "intermountain plateaus." Intermountain plateaus are large, elevated flat lands that are found between different mountain ranges. These plateaus are typically formed when tectonic forces cause the Earth's crust to buckle and fold, creating fold mountains. As these mountains rise, the surrounding areas are also uplifted, resulting in the formation of plateaus. Unlike regular plateaus, intermountain plateaus are not as deeply dissected by erosion. This means that they generally have a more even and flat topography compared to other types of plateaus. However, they still exhibit some degree of ruggedness due to the uplift and folding processes that occurred during their formation. Overall, intermountain plateaus are important features of the Earth's landscape. They provide a transitional zone between mountainous regions and the lower-lying areas beyond, and they often serve as essential water catchment areas, playing a crucial role in supplying water to rivers and streams. Their relatively flat terrain also makes them suitable for human activities such as agriculture and transportation.

Exports from Mali are most likely to pass through the sea port at

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Exports from Mali are most likely to pass through the sea port at Abidjan. Abidjan is the **largest port in West Africa** and is strategically located on the Gulf of Guinea. It has extensive infrastructure, including deep-water berths and modern cargo handling equipment, making it capable of handling large volumes of goods. Mali is a landlocked country, meaning it does not have direct access to the sea. Therefore, to export its goods, Mali needs to rely on neighboring countries with access to the sea. Abidjan, located in Ivory Coast, is the **most convenient sea port for Mali**. It is relatively close in proximity to Mali and has well-developed road and rail connections, making it an ideal choice for transporting goods from Mali to the port. Furthermore, Abidjan offers a wide range of services to facilitate trade, including customs clearance, storage facilities, and efficient cargo handling. It is also a hub for international shipping, with connections to various ports worldwide, enabling Mali to access global markets for its exports. In summary, due to its geographical proximity, well-developed infrastructure, and convenient transportation links, exports from Mali are most likely to pass through the sea port at Abidjan.

Barchan dunes move

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A barchan is a cresentic or moon-shaped structure. A barchan is formed when an obstacle like rocks impedes or prevents the movement of wind

Exports from Mali are most likely to pass through the sea port at

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Exports from Mali are most likely to pass through the sea port at Abidjan. Abidjan is the largest and busiest port in West Africa, located in Cote d'Ivoire. It is strategically positioned along the Gulf of Guinea, making it an ideal gateway for trade in the region. Mali is a landlocked country, which means it does not have direct access to the sea. Therefore, to transport their goods internationally, Mali relies heavily on neighboring countries' ports. Among the given options, Abidjan is the closest and most accessible port for Mali. Abidjan offers excellent shipping facilities, infrastructure, and connections to major shipping lines. It has a well-developed road network that connects it to Mali and other landlocked Sahelian countries, making it a convenient and efficient route for transporting goods. In summary, due to its proximity, connectivity, and efficiency, the sea port at Abidjan is the most likely entry point for Mali's exports.

Which of the following pairs of landforms can be found in the desert areas?

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Zeugens: These are tabular masses with a layer of soft rock lying beneath layer of hard rock
Rock pedestals: It consist of horizontal layer of hard and soft rocks

One of the features of wind deposition is

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Inselberg is formed from the existence of extensive old plateau. It is caused as a result of weathering and remval of weathered materials

Which of the following is not a plantation crop?

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Rye is not a plantation crop. Plantation crops are large-scale crops that are grown specifically for commercial purposes, often on plantations or large farms. These crops are usually labor-intensive and require specialized farming techniques. Cocoa, oil palm, and rubber are all examples of plantation crops. Cocoa is the main ingredient in chocolate, oil palm produces palm oil used in various products, and rubber is used to make tires and other rubber products. On the other hand, rye is a grain crop that is typically grown in small to medium-sized farms. It is used primarily for making bread, whiskey, and animal feed. Unlike plantation crops, rye does not require extensive labor or specialized farming techniques. In summary, rye is not a plantation crop because it is grown on smaller farms and does not have the same commercial scale as crops like cocoa, oil palm, and rubber. These plantation crops have large-scale production and are used in various industries.

The major crop grown in the El juf Basin of Mali is

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The major crop grown in the El Juf Basin of Mali is cotton. Cotton is a plant that is mainly grown for its fiber, which is used to make fabrics and textiles. The El Juf Basin in Mali has favorable conditions for growing cotton, such as a warm climate and fertile soil.
Cotton plants require a long growing season with plenty of sunshine and a moderate amount of rainfall. The El Juf Basin receives sufficient rainfall and has an irrigation system in place to ensure that the cotton plants are well-watered.
Cotton cultivation in the El Juf Basin provides a significant source of income for the local farmers and contributes to the economy of Mali. Cotton farms in this region employ many people and support the livelihoods of the local communities.
In summary, the major crop grown in the El Juf Basin of Mali is cotton due to its suitability to the region's climate and soil conditions.

The coastal regions of Sierra Leone record an annual rainfall of over

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Annual rainfall in Sierra Leone coastal regions is over 4,800m, which makes it the wettest country in West Africa.

A line joining all points of equal salinity is an

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A line joining all points of equal salinity is called an isohaline. In simpler terms, an isohaline is a line that connects points in a body of water that have the same level of salinity or saltiness. It is similar to a contour line you might see on a map that connects points of equal elevation. Salinity refers to the amount of salt dissolved in water. Different areas of the ocean, sea, or even a lake can have varying levels of salinity. An isohaline helps us visualize these varying levels by connecting the points with the same salinity. By studying and mapping isohalines, scientists can gain valuable insights into the distribution and movement of saltwater in different bodies of water. This information is important for understanding ocean currents, marine life habitats, and even for managing freshwater resources. To summarize, an isohaline is a line that connects points with the same salinity in a body of water. It helps us understand the distribution and movement of saltwater and is valuable in various scientific studies and resource management.

What is the population density of a country with a total population of 140,000,000 and a total land area of 500,000 (\Km^2\)?

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To calculate the population density of a country, we need to divide the total population of the country by its total land area. In this case, we are given that the total population of the country is 140,000,000 and the total land area is 500,000 km². To find the population density, we divide the population by the land area: Population density = Total population / Total land area Population density = 140,000,000 / 500,000 = 280 persons per km². Therefore, the correct answer is **280 persons per km²**.

Which of the following sources of power supply is renewable?

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Solar energy is the energy gotten from the sun. The sun is the largest (star and its also the ultimate source of light and energy to all the planets. Coal, gas and Nuclear energy are hot renewable(i.e they cannot be reused when exhausted)

Quartz, fieldspar and mica are three principal mineral that can easily be seen in

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Quartz, feldspar, and mica are three principal minerals that can easily be seen in granite. Granite is a type of igneous rock, which means it is formed from the cooling and solidification of molten magma or lava. It is composed mainly of three minerals: quartz, feldspar, and mica. - **Quartz:** Quartz is a hard and durable mineral that is commonly found in granite. It appears as small or large grains and has a glassy or translucent appearance. It comes in different colors, including clear, white, pink, and gray. - **Feldspar:** Feldspar is the most abundant mineral in granite. It is a group of minerals that have a specific crystal structure. Feldspar can be recognized by its white, pink, or gray color. It often appears as large, elongated grains in granite. - **Mica:** Mica is another mineral commonly found in granite. It has a distinct layered structure and can be easily split into thin, flexible sheets. Mica is often shiny and comes in various colors such as brown, black, or green. When you look at granite, you may see specks or grains of quartz, larger grains of feldspar, and thin layers or flakes of mica. These minerals give granite its characteristic appearance and make it a popular choice for countertops, flooring, and construction materials. It's worth noting that while quartz, feldspar, and mica are the three principal minerals in granite, other minerals may also be present in smaller amounts. However, it is the abundance of these three minerals that gives granite its distinctive texture and appearance.

Africa has the largest potential reserve of hydro-electric power in the world because

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It is of no doubt that Africa has the highest potential reserves of hydro-electric power because it is surrounded by large oceans.

Which of the following is not a problem militating against political and economic integration in West Africa?

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Political and economic integration can be hindered by powerful colonial ties, religion and political instability but currency should not be an obstacle because there should be an established exchange rate.

A block mountain is formed as a result of

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A block mountain is formed as a result of faulting, specifically a type of fault called a normal fault.
When the Earth's crust experiences stress, it can cause rocks to break along fault lines. In the case of a normal fault, the rocks on one side of the fault move downward relative to the rocks on the other side. This downward movement creates a step-like feature on the Earth's surface, with one side lower than the other. This step-like feature is what we call a block mountain.
As time goes on, the forces of erosion, such as wind, water, and glaciers, start to wear away at the block mountain. However, the harder and more resistant rocks that make up the mountain are less easily eroded compared to the softer surrounding rocks. This causes the block mountain to stand out even more as a prominent and elevated feature in the landscape.
So, to summarize, a block mountain is formed when the Earth's crust experiences faulting, specifically a normal fault. The downward movement of rocks on one side of the fault creates a step-like feature on the Earth's surface, which we call a block mountain. Erosion then works to shape and define the mountain's features over time.

Countries in the northern hemisphere experience shorter days and longer nights when the sun is overhead on the

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On June 21, the sun is overhead at the tropic of cancer, resulting in June or summer scistics

The difference in time between two longitudes is approximately

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The difference in time between two longitudes is approximately 4 minutes.
To understand this, let's first understand what longitudes are. Longitudes are imaginary lines that run vertically around the Earth, from the North Pole to the South Pole. They help to identify specific locations on the Earth's surface.
Now, the Earth takes 24 hours to complete one full rotation around its axis. This rotation results in the sun appearing to rise and set in different parts of the world at different times. This is what gives us our concept of time zones.
By convention, the Earth is divided into 24 time zones, each covering approximately 15 degrees of longitude. Each time zone represents an hour of difference in time.
So, if we do the math, we can calculate that with 360 degrees (the full circumference of the Earth) divided by 24 time zones, each time zone covers 15 degrees of longitude. This means that for every 15 degrees of longitude you travel east or west, there is a time difference of about one hour.
Since each time zone represents one hour and there are 60 minutes in an hour, we can calculate that the time difference for every 1 degree of longitude is approximately 4 minutes (60 minutes divided by 15 degrees).
Therefore, the correct answer is 4 minutes

Jos plateau is an example of a

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Jos plateau is a Volcanic plateau . It possess volcanic features such as a dome, single vents and clusters of 3-4 cones aligned.

The type of agriculture in which water is conserved in a year so that crops can be grown in succeeding years by ploughing, mulching or harrowing is known as

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The type of agriculture described here is called dry farming.
Dry farming is a method of agriculture that focuses on conserving water in areas where water supply is limited. It is commonly used in regions with arid or semi-arid climates where rainfall is scarce and unreliable.
In dry farming, the goal is to maximize the use of available moisture in the soil and minimize water loss through evaporation. This is achieved through various practices such as ploughing, mulching, and harrowing.
Ploughing helps to break up the soil surface and create furrows or ridges, which helps to trap and retain moisture in the soil. This prevents excessive evaporation and allows the soil to hold water for a longer period of time.
Mulching involves covering the soil with a layer of organic materials such as straw, leaves, or crop residues. This helps to reduce evaporation by shading the soil surface and slows down moisture loss. Mulch also helps to improve soil structure, retain water, and suppress weed growth.
Harrowing is the process of loosening the top layer of soil after ploughing or planting. It helps to create a fine, crumbly soil structure that reduces water runoff and allows rain or irrigation water to penetrate deeper into the soil.
By practicing these techniques, dry farmers are able to conserve water and create favorable conditions for crop growth even in areas with limited rainfall. This allows them to sustain crop production in successive years without relying heavily on external sources of water.
In summary, dry farming is a method of agriculture that conserves water in arid or semi-arid regions by employing practices such as ploughing, mulching, and harrowing. These techniques help to retain moisture in the soil, reduce water loss, and enable crop production in successive years.

The most common form of migration experienced in countries of Tropical Africa is

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The most common form of migration experienced in countries of Tropical Africa is **rural-urban migration**. This refers to the movement of people from rural areas, such as villages and small towns, to urban areas, such as cities and towns. There are various reasons why rural-urban migration is prevalent in Tropical Africa. One of the main factors is the search for better economic opportunities. Urban areas tend to offer more job opportunities, higher wages, and better living conditions compared to rural areas. Many people from rural communities migrate to cities in hopes of finding better employment and improving their standard of living. Another important factor contributing to rural-urban migration is the availability of social amenities and services in urban areas. Cities often have better access to education, healthcare, infrastructure, and recreational facilities. People may migrate to urban centers to access these services and provide better opportunities for their families. Moreover, urban areas serve as economic and cultural hubs, attracting people from rural areas seeking to benefit from the diversity and dynamism of city life. Cities offer a wide range of social and cultural activities, entertainment options, and opportunities for networking and socializing. However, it is important to note that rural-urban migration also presents some challenges. The rapid influx of people into cities can lead to overcrowding, strain on infrastructure, and increased competition for resources and jobs. Additionally, migration can have an impact on rural communities as they may experience a loss of human capital and skills. In summary, rural-urban migration is the most common form of migration in countries of Tropical Africa due to the search for better economic opportunities, access to social amenities, and the attraction of urban culture and lifestyle. While it brings benefits to individuals and urban areas, it also poses challenges that need to be addressed for sustainable development.

"An open forest with evergreen, thick leathery leaves and woody stems with deep roots" is known as

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Mediterranean vegetation consists largely of broad-leaved evergreen shrubs having woody stems with thick roots.

In which erosional plain is an inselberg commonly found

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Inselberg is formed from the existence of extensive old plateau

What is the temperature around an aeroplane flying at an altitude of 4000metres if the temperature on the earth's surface is 40ºc $\mathrm{<br>}$?

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Lapse rate is simply described as 0.65°C per 100m of ascent or 6.5ºC per 1000m of ascent.
Therefore 4000m of ascent= 6.5ºC x 4000m/1000m=26.0ºC
Then, the temperature around the aeroplane is = 40ºC - 26ºC = 14°C

The land-use activities which can be considered responsible for soil erosion in the tropics are

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Industrial activities such as production, construction etc, monoculture and lumbering are responsible for erosion in the tropics

Crater lakes are usually associated with areas

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A crater lake is usually considered as a dormant volcano. They tend to have a steep-sided conical form

Kossou Dam is located on river

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Lake Kossou is Cote d'ivores largest lake. It lies on the Bandama river in the center of the country. It is an artificial lake, created in 1973 by damming the Badama river at kossou

Under the Greek system of climate classification, the world is divided into

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The world is divided into torrid, temperate, and frigid zones under the Greek system of climate classification. 1. Torrid Zone: This zone is the closest to the equator and is known for its hot and humid climate. It experiences high temperatures throughout the year with minimal variations. The torrid zone is characterized by tropical rainforests, savannas, and deserts. 2. Temperate Zone: The temperate zone is situated between the torrid and frigid zones. It has a moderate climate with distinct seasons. The temperatures in this zone vary significantly throughout the year, with warm summers and cool winters. This zone is known for its diverse vegetation, including deciduous forests and grasslands. 3. Frigid Zone: The frigid zone is located in the extreme north and south of the Earth, near the poles. It is known for its extremely cold temperatures, especially during the winter season. The frigid zone is covered with ice, and only a few plants and animals can survive in this harsh environment. In summary, the Greek system of climate classification divides the world into torrid, temperate, and frigid zones, depending on factors such as temperature, humidity, and vegetation.

The largest ocean in the world is the

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The largest ocean in the world is the Pacific Ocean. It covers the most extensive area compared to the other options listed. The Pacific Ocean stretches from the western coast of North and South America to the eastern coast of Asia and Australia. It is so vast that it is larger than the landmass of all the continents combined.
Its immense size is due to the tectonic plate boundaries that surround it. The Pacific Ocean is bordered by the Ring of Fire, a region that experiences frequent volcanic activity and earthquakes. This constant reshaping of the seafloor has allowed the Pacific Ocean to expand and dominate the Earth's surface.
With an area of approximately 63 million square miles, the Pacific Ocean is home to numerous islands, including Hawaii, Tahiti, and Fiji. It is also famous for its deep trenches, like the Mariana Trench, which is the deepest point in the world's oceans.
The Pacific Ocean plays a vital role in regulating the Earth's climate. It absorbs much of the sun's heat, helping to distribute warmth across the planet. This ocean is also crucial for global transportation and trade, serving as a major marine highway between the Americas, Asia, and Oceania.
In summary, the Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean in the world, encompassing a vast area and serving as a vital component of Earth's climate and global connectivity.

Which of the following stations is situated in a region of tropical monsoon climate?

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**Bombay (Mumbai)** is situated in a region of tropical monsoon climate. Tropical monsoon climate is characterized by high temperatures and heavy rainfall throughout the year, with distinctive wet and dry seasons. In this climate, the wet season is associated with the monsoon winds, which bring abundant rainfall. The dry season, on the other hand, is characterized by little to no rainfall. Mumbai experiences this type of climate due to its location on the western coast of India. The Arabian Sea to the west and the Western Ghats mountain range to the east influence the city's climate. The monsoon winds blow from the southwest during the wet season (June to September), bringing intense rainfall to the region. Mumbai receives a significant amount of rainfall during this period, accounting for a large portion of its annual precipitation. During the dry season (October to May), Mumbai experiences less rainfall, but the temperatures remain relatively high. The average temperature ranges from 25 to 35 degrees Celsius (77 to 95 degrees Fahrenheit) throughout the year. In summary, Mumbai (Bombay) is situated in a region of tropical monsoon climate due to its location on the western coast of India, which experiences high temperatures and heavy rainfall during the wet season, and relatively lower rainfall during the dry season.

The world's greatest gold producer is

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After a temporary set back in 2021 due to a sharp decline in output, Ghana has reclaimed its position as the top Gold producer

Which of the following is a wind deposited land form?

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A wind-deposited landform refers to a geological feature that is created or shaped by the action of wind carrying and depositing sediments. In this context, out of the four options given, the one that is a wind-deposited landform is **loess**. Loess is a specific type of sediment that is composed of fine particles of silt and clay that have been blown by wind over long distances and eventually deposited. It is typically pale yellow or light brown in color and has a very fine texture. Loess deposits often form in regions with strong and consistent winds, such as dry deserts or the margins of glacial systems. These sediments accumulate over time, often in thick layers, creating distinct landforms. One characteristic feature associated with loess is its ability to be easily eroded by wind and water. This erosion gives rise to unique landforms, such as **yardangs** and **deflation hollows**, which are also mentioned in the given options. A yardang is a ridge of rock that has been carved and streamlined by wind erosion. The wind scours away the loose sediment, leaving behind elongated ridges that run parallel to the prevailing wind direction. Yardangs can vary in size from a few meters to several kilometers long. A deflation hollow, on the other hand, is a depression in the landscape that forms when loose sediments are eroded away by wind, leaving behind a lowered area. These hollows can occur individually or in groups, and their size and shape depend on the intensity and duration of wind erosion. While both yardangs and deflation hollows are features associated with wind erosion, they are not technically wind-deposited landforms since they are created by the removal of sediment rather than the deposition of sediment. In summary, out of the options given, the wind-deposited landform is **loess**. It is a type of fine sediment made of silt and clay particles that are transported and deposited by the wind. Yardangs and deflation hollows, although associated with wind erosion, are not specifically wind-deposited landforms.

The instrument used to measure relative humidity is called

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The instrument used to measure relative humidity is called a hygrometer.
A hygrometer is a device that helps us determine the amount of moisture or water vapor present in the air. It measures the relative humidity, which is the percentage of moisture in the air compared to the maximum amount of moisture the air can hold at a given temperature.
There are different types of hygrometers, but one common type is the "dry and wet bulb" hygrometer. It consists of two thermometers: one thermometer with a dry bulb and another with a wet bulb.
To measure relative humidity, the wet bulb thermometer is wrapped with a moistened cloth. As the moisture on the cloth evaporates, it causes the wet bulb temperature to decrease. The dry bulb thermometer remains unaffected.
By comparing the temperatures of the dry and wet bulbs, we can calculate the relative humidity using a formula. The difference between the two temperatures helps us understand how much moisture is in the air.
So, in summary, a hygrometer is used to measure relative humidity by comparing the temperatures of a dry bulb and a wet bulb thermometer. It helps us understand how much water vapor is present in the air.

When weathering occurs on hill slopes, rock debris usually pile up at the bottom of the hill slope to form

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When weathering occurs on hill slopes, the rock debris usually pile up at the bottom of the hill slope to form **scrree**. Scree is a deposition of loose rock fragments that have accumulated at the base of a steep slope or cliff. It is formed as a result of the continuous process of weathering, erosion, and gravity. Weathering is the breakdown of rocks by natural processes, such as wind, water, and temperature changes. This causes rocks to become smaller and more fragmented over time. Erosion is the process of transporting the fragmented rock material down the slope. Gravity plays a significant role in moving the loose rock fragments towards the bottom of the hill slope. As the weathered rock fragments accumulate at the base of the slope, they form a pile of loose debris called scree. Scree can range in size from small pebbles to larger rocks. It is usually found on steep slopes or cliffs where the force of gravity pulls the loose rock down and accumulates it at the bottom. In conclusion, when weathering occurs on hill slopes, the rock debris piles up at the bottom to form scree.

River regime is best described as the

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The river regime generally describes the character of the typical fluctuations of a flow of a river, but can also refer to the mathematical relationship between the river discharge and its width, depth and slope