JAMB UTME - Government - 1992

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Law making under military regimes is done through the promulgation of decrees. Decrees are executive orders issued by military rulers or heads of state that have the force of law. In military regimes, the legislative power is often taken over by the executive, which means that laws can be made without the need for parliamentary approval or public consultation. Military rulers issue decrees to control various aspects of society, including civil liberties, press freedom, and economic activities. Decrees can be used to amend existing laws or introduce new ones, and they have the same legal force as laws passed by elected representatives in a democratic system. The ministry of justice may be involved in the drafting of decrees, but ultimately, the decision to promulgate a decree lies with the military ruler or the head of state. The use of decrees in law making under military regimes is often criticized for its lack of transparency, accountability, and public participation in the law-making process.

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A constitution can be defined as the basic laws for the conduct of modern government. It is a set of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is governed. The constitution outlines the structure and powers of the government and often includes a bill of rights that guarantees individual rights and freedoms. It can be written or unwritten and serves as a framework for the governance of a country or organization. It is important in establishing the limits of government power and ensuring that individual rights are protected.

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The primary function of a pressure group is to influence government policy. Pressure groups are organizations that aim to influence government decisions and policies on behalf of a particular interest or cause. They use various tactics such as lobbying, public demonstrations, media campaigns, and petitions to bring attention to their concerns and persuade policymakers to take action. While pressure groups may sometimes support or oppose particular candidates in elections, their main focus is on advocating for specific policies and influencing government decisions.

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The advantage of privatization is that it can make public corporations more effective. This is because private individuals who take control of these corporations tend to have more incentives to run them efficiently and profitably. By doing so, they can improve the quality of services or products provided, reduce waste and lower costs, which can benefit both consumers and the economy as a whole. However, it's important to note that privatization may not always lead to positive outcomes, and it's necessary to carefully consider the potential risks and benefits before implementing it.

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The dramatic rise in the membership of the United Nations (UN) during late 1991 and early 1992 is best accounted for by the break-up of the Soviet Union into independent republics. As the Soviet Union dissolved, it transformed into several independent republics, each with its own distinct identity and government. Many of these newly independent states sought to join the UN, as membership would provide them with international recognition and legitimacy. As a result, the UN experienced a significant increase in membership during this period, with several former Soviet republics joining the organization. This was a major development for the UN, as it marked a significant expansion of the organization's membership and influence in the world.

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The process by which political beliefs and values are transmitted from one generation to another is known as socialization. Socialization is the way people learn about the culture and values of their society, including their political beliefs and values. This can occur through interactions with family, friends, peers, and institutions such as schools, media, and religious organizations. Socialization plays a vital role in shaping people's political views and behaviors, and it helps to create a shared political culture within a society. It is not training, which refers to the specific instruction and practice of a skill or task. It is not decentralization, which refers to the distribution of power and decision-making authority away from a central authority.

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During the nationalist struggle for Nigeria's independence, the Northern People's Congress (NPC) supported a gradual evolution towards independence. This meant that the NPC did not push for immediate independence but instead advocated for a process that would lead to independence in a gradual and orderly manner. The NPC was primarily concerned with protecting the interests of the Northern region and ensuring that the region was not left behind in the rush towards independence. They believed that a gradual approach would give the Northern region time to catch up with the more developed Southern region and ensure a smooth transition to independence without causing any instability or unrest. Therefore, the NPC played a significant role in negotiating Nigeria's independence with the British colonial authorities, eventually leading to Nigeria's independence in 1960.

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In the First Republic of Nigeria, the country was very reluctant to have meaningful interaction with the Soviet Union. The Nigerian government under Prime Minister Tafawa Balewa was ideologically aligned with the Western bloc during the Cold War and was a member of the Non-Aligned Movement. Therefore, Nigeria maintained a cautious relationship with the Soviet Union and limited its interactions with them, particularly in the areas of military and economic cooperation. The Soviet Union, on the other hand, attempted to strengthen its ties with Nigeria through diplomatic and economic means, but was met with limited success due to Nigeria's alignment with the West.

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Three of the principles used in revenue allocation in Nigeria are derivation, equality, and even development. Derivation refers to the principle that revenue should be allocated based on the level of natural resources and revenue generated in a particular region. For example, if a particular region has a high level of oil production, it should receive a larger share of revenue allocation. Equality refers to the principle that all states and regions in Nigeria should receive an equal share of revenue allocation, regardless of their level of natural resources or revenue generated. This is intended to promote fairness and reduce disparities between different parts of the country. Even development refers to the principle that revenue allocation should be used to promote economic and social development across all regions of Nigeria. This means that funds should be allocated to areas that are economically disadvantaged or in need of infrastructure development, in order to reduce inequalities and promote growth across the country.

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Riots are not an acceptable means of achieving democracy. Riots are characterized by violence, destruction of property, and chaos, which are detrimental to the democratic process. Democracy is a peaceful and orderly system that allows citizens to express their views and make decisions through peaceful means, such as voting, dialogue, and peaceful protests. Riots, on the other hand, undermine the principles of democracy, as they are often associated with the suppression of free speech, intimidation of citizens, and anarchy. Riots can also lead to the violation of human rights, loss of lives and property, and instability in a country. Therefore, riots cannot be considered an acceptable means of achieving democracy, and peaceful methods should be employed instead. Referendum, recall, and initiative, are all acceptable means of achieving democracy, as they allow citizens to express their opinions and participate in the decision-making process through peaceful and democratic means.

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The Yoruba traditional governmental system was monarchical. This means that the system was ruled by a monarch or king who held the ultimate power and authority. The king was regarded as the head of the government and was responsible for maintaining law and order in the society. The traditional Yoruba monarchy was a system of government in which the king was believed to have a divine right to rule, and his power was often seen as absolute. However, the king was not an absolute ruler as he had to consult with the chiefs and other members of the ruling council before making important decisions. The Yoruba traditional governmental system was known for its rich cultural practices, including the use of council meetings, divination, and the use of traditional titles and honorifics to maintain order and social harmony in the society.

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The dual mandate was proposed by Lord Lugard. He was a British colonial administrator who served as the Governor of both the Northern and Southern protectorates of Nigeria from 1912 to 1919. Lord Lugard believed that the British colonial administration had a dual mandate in Nigeria. The first mandate was to rule and govern the country for the benefit of the people, and the second mandate was to develop the country economically and socially. In other words, the dual mandate meant that the British colonial administration had a responsibility to improve the economic and social conditions of the people while also governing the country. This concept was controversial as it was seen by some as a justification for colonialism, and by others as a recognition of the responsibility of colonial powers to improve the lives of the people they governed.

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The main reason for creating local governments in Nigeria was to bring the government closer to the people. Local governments were created to ensure that the basic needs of the people at the grassroots level are met, and to enable them to participate in the decision-making process of their communities. This was done to promote grassroots development and provide a platform for citizens to voice their concerns and needs. Additionally, local governments are responsible for the provision of basic amenities such as healthcare, education, and sanitation services to their communities.

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The international organization that is considered as the predecessor of the United Nations is the League of Nations. It was founded after World War I in 1920 with the aim of promoting peace and international cooperation among nations. The League of Nations was the first international organization created to maintain world peace and prevent future wars. However, due to its failure to prevent World War II, it was dissolved in 1946 and replaced by the United Nations. The European Economic Community, the Organisation of American States, and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization are not predecessors of the United Nations, but rather different international organizations with different purposes and goals.

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An election in which citizens are called upon to vote for or against a specified issue is called a referendum. In a referendum, citizens are given the opportunity to directly participate in the decision-making process of their country by casting their vote on a specific issue or proposal. This type of election can be used to address a variety of issues, such as constitutional amendments, major policy decisions, or even questions of independence or secession. The outcome of a referendum is determined by a majority vote, with the winning option being implemented or adopted as law.

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The Kwararafa Empire was a great military and political power before the colonization of Nigeria. It was located in what is now known as the Taraba state in Nigeria and was one of the largest empires in West Africa during its time. The Kwararafa Empire was known for its strong military and strategic location, which allowed it to control trade routes and expand its influence. The empire was also known for its sophisticated political and administrative systems, which allowed for efficient governance and management of resources. The Kwararafa Empire was a major power in the region until the 19th century when it was weakened by external pressures and internal conflicts, leading to its eventual decline.

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The feature of colonial administration in Nigeria that was NOT mentioned among the options is "education levy." Education levy was not a common feature of colonial administration in Nigeria. Forced labor, low prices for exports, and taxes on the population were all common features of colonial administration in Nigeria. Forced labor was used to extract resources, build infrastructure, and maintain the colonial economy. Low prices for exports allowed the colonial powers to benefit from the sale of Nigerian resources, while taxes on the population generated revenue for the colonial government. However, education levy was not a typical feature of colonial administration in Nigeria. Although colonial governments established schools in Nigeria, they were primarily focused on training clerks, interpreters, and other officials to serve the colonial administration. The vast majority of Nigerians did not have access to formal education during the colonial period, and education was not a priority for the colonial authorities.

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The Constituent Assembly of 1978 had the primary responsibility of drafting a constitution for the Second Republic. A constitution is a set of fundamental principles that outlines how a country is governed, and it establishes the rights and duties of citizens and the government. The Constituent Assembly of 1978 was tasked with drafting a new constitution for Nigeria to replace the 1979 Constitution, which had been suspended following a military coup. The assembly was made up of elected and appointed representatives who deliberated on, debated, and amended the draft constitution before passing it into law. The constitution was later submitted to a national referendum for approval by the people of Nigeria.

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The main responsibility of the armed forces of Nigeria, as stated by statute, is to defend the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the country. This means that the Nigerian military is tasked with protecting the nation's borders from external threats and maintaining the nation's unity and independence. While the military may also play a role in maintaining law and order within the country, its primary responsibility is to safeguard Nigeria's sovereignty and territorial integrity. Additionally, the military may be called upon to participate in peacekeeping operations in neighboring countries to help restore stability and security in the region.

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During the military regime of Buhari in Nigeria, the highest decision-making body was the Supreme Military Council. This council was made up of the top military officials, including the President, Vice-President, Minister of Defence, Service Chiefs, and other high-ranking military officers. The Supreme Military Council was responsible for making key decisions regarding national security, foreign affairs, and other important matters affecting Nigeria as a whole. It was essentially the top governing body of the country during the military regime.

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Universal adult suffrage is usually restricted in most political systems to citizens. This means that only people who hold citizenship in a country are eligible to vote in elections. The idea behind this restriction is that citizens have a vested interest in the country's future and should have a say in how it is governed. Restrictions based on landed property or literacy were common in the past but are no longer widely used. Additionally, age restrictions on voting are sometimes in place, but they usually require individuals to be of a certain age or older, rather than restricting those who are too old.

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Before 1963, the highest court in Nigeria was the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. The Privy Council was an appellate court based in London, England that had the final say on legal matters from the colonies. Nigerian cases could be appealed up to the Privy Council if they were unable to be resolved by the Nigerian courts. However, in 1963, Nigeria abolished appeals to the Privy Council and established the Supreme Court of Nigeria as the final court of appeal in the country.

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The major liberation organization that fought for Namibia's independence was SWAPO, which stands for the South West Africa People's Organization. SWAPO was formed in 1960 and started a long struggle for Namibian independence from South African rule. They used a combination of peaceful protests and armed resistance to achieve their goal. SWAPO was supported by several African nations and international organizations, which helped them to gain momentum and eventually led to Namibia's independence in 1990.

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A political authority that exercises sovereign power over a specific geographical area is called a "state". A state has a defined territory, a permanent population, a government, and the ability to make and enforce laws within its territory. It is considered to be the highest level of political organization and exercises ultimate authority and power within its borders.

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Totalitarianism is the ideology that advocates for governmental control over all sources of power. Totalitarianism is a form of government that seeks to control all aspects of society, including politics, economy, culture, and the lives of individuals. It is characterized by a single-party dictatorship, a highly centralized government, and the suppression of opposition and dissent. In a totalitarian system, the government controls all aspects of society, including the media, education, and the economy. It uses propaganda, censorship, and surveillance to maintain its power and control over the population. Totalitarianism is often associated with oppressive and brutal regimes, such as Nazi Germany and Stalinist Russia. It is considered to be a highly authoritarian and anti-democratic ideology that undermines individual freedom and human rights. In contrast, democracy is a political ideology that emphasizes the importance of individual freedom, human rights, and the rule of law. In a democratic system, power is distributed among different institutions, and citizens have the right to participate in the decision-making process through free and fair elections.

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Nigeria's foreign policy of non-alignment was mainly a response to the East-West ideological competition. During the Cold War era, the world was polarized into two blocs: the capitalist West, led by the United States, and the communist East, led by the Soviet Union. Nigeria, as a newly independent nation, did not want to take sides in this rivalry, and instead chose to remain neutral and non-aligned. This decision was based on the belief that it was in the best interest of Nigeria to maintain friendly relations with both sides, while pursuing its own national interests. Nigeria's non-alignment policy allowed it to maintain economic and political ties with both the West and the East, and to promote peace and stability in the region.

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The fusion of the executive and legislative organs of government is associated with the parliamentary system of government. In this system, the executive branch, which includes the Prime Minister and their Cabinet, is drawn from the legislature, which is made up of elected representatives. This means that the Prime Minister and their Cabinet are directly accountable to the legislature, and they can be removed from office if they lose the confidence of the majority of the members of the legislature. In the parliamentary system, there is a close working relationship between the executive and legislative branches of government, which allows for more efficient decision-making and greater accountability to the people.

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During the pre-colonial period in Eastern Nigeria, autocratic rule was made difficult by the absence of a system of centralized authority. Unlike in some other parts of Africa where there were powerful empires or kingdoms with centralized authority, Eastern Nigeria was made up of numerous small states and communities, each with their own rulers and systems of government. This made it difficult for any one ruler to assert total control over the region. In addition, there were various checks and balances in place to prevent any one ruler from becoming too powerful, including the activities of secret societies, the fear of detronement, and the demands of pressure groups. As a result, power was distributed among many different actors, making it difficult for any one person or group to dominate the political landscape.

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The introduction of regional executives was one of the unique innovations of the 1951 constitution. This allowed for the decentralization of power from the central government to the regions. Regional executives were responsible for managing the affairs of their respective regions, including economic development, social services, and local administration. This system was designed to promote a more participatory democracy and ensure that the needs and interests of all regions were represented in the government's decision-making process.

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The biased presentation of information in order to influence public opinion is referred to as propaganda. Propaganda is the deliberate spread of information or ideas with the aim of influencing or manipulating people's beliefs, attitudes, or actions. The information or ideas presented in propaganda may be true or false, but they are often exaggerated, distorted, or presented in a way that is intended to provoke an emotional response in the audience. The main aim of propaganda is to shape public opinion in a way that is favorable to the propagandist's agenda or interests. Propaganda is often used in political campaigns, advertising, and public relations to create a certain image or perception of a person, product, or organization. It can be a powerful tool for shaping public opinion, but it can also be dangerous if it is used to spread misinformation or promote harmful ideas or actions.

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The primary factor which led to the formation of political parties in colonial Nigeria was the introduction of the elective principle and representative institutions by the colonial administration. This allowed for the emergence of a class of educated and politically conscious Nigerians who sought to participate in the governance of their country. The introduction of these institutions created a platform for political mobilization, which led to the formation of political parties as different groups sought to articulate their interests and visions for the country.

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The results of the 1973 census in Nigeria were rejected because they were controversial. This means that the figures were disputed or disagreed upon by different groups or individuals. The controversy arose mainly from concerns about the accuracy of the census, as well as allegations of fraud and manipulation of the results by various interest groups. The rejection of the census results led to significant political and social tensions in the country, which contributed to the military coup that took place in 1975.

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The Nigerian Military Government launched the Second National Development Plan in 1970 to promote rapid economic and social development after the civil war. The plan was aimed at accelerating the country's development and creating a united, strong, and self-reliant nation. It was designed to develop all the disadvantaged states and ensure that the benefits of development were shared equitably across the country.

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Vassalage was a political system where a powerful person or group (the suzerain) would grant protection to a weaker person or group (the vassal) in exchange for their loyalty and service. Among the options given, vassalage was practiced by the Haua Fulani. The Haua Fulani were a group of people in West Africa who established a powerful empire in the 19th century through the use of vassalage. They would grant protection to weaker groups in exchange for their loyalty and tribute, which helped to expand their power and influence.

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