JAMB UTME - Geography - 2001

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In surveying, fixed obstacles such as buildings, trees or other immovable objects can interfere with the accuracy of measurements. The best way to deal with these obstacles is by laying offsets. Offsets are measurements taken at a right angle to the original line, which go around the obstacle and then rejoin the original line on the other side. This allows for accurate measurements to be taken without having to move the obstacles or work around them. The offset distance should be as short as possible to minimize any errors. Avoiding obstacles is not always possible, as survey lines need to be straight and follow the desired route. Using an abney level is helpful in determining the height of obstacles but doesn't provide a solution to the problem. Removing obstacles is not a practical solution, especially for fixed structures that cannot be relocated.

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The vertical section of soil from the surface down to the bedrock, showing different layers, is known as the soil profile. It is composed of several distinct layers called horizons, which differ in characteristics such as texture, color, and composition. Each horizon has a unique role in the soil ecosystem, from providing nutrients to supporting plant growth. By examining the soil profile, scientists can learn about the history and composition of the soil and use this information to better manage and conserve it.

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Out of the given options, the group of hardwoods that are suitable for railway sleepers in Nigeria are mahogany, obeche, and iroko. Mahogany is a strong and durable hardwood with a natural resistance to decay, making it a popular choice for construction and outdoor use. Obeche, on the other hand, is a lightweight hardwood that is easy to work with and has good strength properties. Iroko is a dense and tough hardwood that is highly resistant to decay and insect attack, making it an excellent choice for outdoor applications. Railway sleepers need to be strong, durable, and able to withstand the heavy loads of trains passing over them, as well as the outdoor environment, which can be harsh in Nigeria. Mahogany, obeche, and iroko all have properties that make them suitable for railway sleepers, which is why they are commonly used for this purpose.

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An example of a landform produced by glaciation is a cirque. A cirque is a bowl-shaped depression formed at the head of a glacier, where snow and ice accumulate and compact over time. As the glacier moves downhill, it erodes the surrounding rock and deepens the cirque, creating a steep-walled basin. After the glacier retreats, the basin may fill with water, forming a glacial lake. Cirques are found in mountainous regions all over the world and are often surrounded by jagged peaks and ridges that have been carved by the movement of the glacier. They are an excellent example of the power of glaciers to shape the landscape over thousands of years.

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The variable which is both a control and an element of weather and climate is temperature. Temperature is an important variable that affects both weather and climate. Weather refers to the short-term atmospheric conditions in a specific area, while climate refers to the long-term patterns of temperature, rainfall, and other weather conditions in a region. Temperature is a control of weather in that it determines the type of weather that is likely to occur. For example, high temperatures can cause evaporation of water from the surface, leading to the formation of clouds and eventual rainfall. Temperature also affects the speed and direction of wind, which is another important weather variable. Temperature is also an element of climate, as it is one of the key factors that determine the climate of a region. The average temperature of a region over a long period of time is used to define its climate. For example, regions with high temperatures are typically classified as tropical or subtropical climates, while regions with low temperatures are classified as polar or temperate climates. In summary, temperature is an important variable that controls weather and is also a key element of climate.

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The areas in Nigeria where temperate crops may be grown include Jos, Plateau, and Mambilla plateau. Temperate crops are crops that grow best in cooler temperatures, such as those found in temperate regions. In Nigeria, the climate is generally tropical, with high temperatures and humidity, but there are a few areas with cooler temperatures and suitable conditions for growing temperate crops. The Jos plateau is located in central Nigeria and has an altitude of over 1,200 meters above sea level, which gives it a cooler climate and makes it suitable for growing temperate crops such as potatoes, cabbage, and carrots. The Plateau State, where Jos is located, is known as the "home of peace and tourism" and is a major producer of temperate crops in Nigeria. The Mambilla plateau is located in Taraba state, in northeastern Nigeria. It has a high altitude of over 1,800 meters above sea level, which gives it a cool climate and makes it suitable for growing temperate crops such as Irish potatoes, maize, and wheat. In summary, the Jos plateau and Mambilla plateau are the areas in Nigeria where temperate crops may be grown due to their high altitudes and cooler climates, which provide suitable conditions for these crops to thrive.

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The pair of cities that have both a seaport and an international airport are Lagos and San Francisco. Lagos is a city in Nigeria located on the Atlantic coast with a seaport and Murtala Muhammed International Airport which is an international airport serving the city. San Francisco is a city in the United States located on the Pacific coast with the Port of San Francisco and San Francisco International Airport which is an international airport serving the city. The other options do not have both a seaport and an international airport.

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Rice: This is because the area is liable to flooding and rice needs a lot of water to perform well.

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Nucleated groups of houses occupied largely by people engaged in primary occupation are referred to as villages. Villages are small, self-contained communities that are typically located in rural areas and are characterized by a close-knit social structure. They are often centered around agricultural activities, with many residents engaged in farming, fishing, or forestry. Villages can vary in size from just a few houses to several hundred, and they may have basic infrastructure such as a school, a small market, and a community center. While villages are generally associated with traditional rural lifestyles, they can also exist in more developed areas and may incorporate modern amenities such as electricity and telecommunication.

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Bees and butterflies are important to flowering plants because they help to pollinate them. Pollination is the process by which the male pollen from the flower is transferred to the female reproductive organ of the same or another flower, which leads to the formation of seeds. Bees and butterflies help to transfer the pollen from one flower to another as they collect nectar from them. This process is important for the reproduction of flowering plants, as it ensures genetic diversity and the continuation of their species. Therefore, the presence of bees and butterflies is crucial for the survival of many plant species and ecosystems, and also has an impact on the production of crops and the maintenance of biodiversity.

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6.5Km is the distance on a straight line.

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The feature running approximately North to North-East on which the trigonometrical station is located is a ridge. A ridge is a narrow strip of high land with steep sides, often with a continuous elevated crest. It is a long, narrow, elevated strip of land that rises above the surrounding area and is usually formed by the movement of tectonic plates. A trigonometrical station is a point on the Earth's surface that is used as a reference point for measuring angles and distances. These stations are often located on high points such as hills or mountains, which provide a clear line of sight for measuring angles to other points. A ridge is an ideal location for a trigonometrical station as it provides a high vantage point with clear views in multiple directions.

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Zambia is a country well known for the production of copper in Africa. Zambia is one of the largest producers of copper in the world and the metal is the country's main export. Copper mining in Zambia began in the 1930s, and since then, the country has become a major producer of copper, accounting for around 70% of the country's export earnings. The mining industry has played a significant role in the country's economy, providing jobs and contributing to the development of infrastructure. The country's vast copper reserves have attracted significant foreign investment, making it a key player in the global copper market. Therefore, Zambia is a major copper-producing country in Africa.

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Lakes Kivu and Malawi are related in that they are both rift valley lakes. A rift valley is a lowland region that is formed by the sinking and spreading apart of the Earth's crust, and it often creates a depression that can fill with water to form a lake. Both Lake Kivu and Lake Malawi are located in the East African Rift, which is a geological formation that stretches across several countries in East Africa. While both lakes may attract tourists for their natural beauty and recreational opportunities, it is their shared characteristic as rift valley lakes that is the primary way in which they are related.

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The country that produces the most cocoa in the world is Ghana. Cocoa is a key ingredient in chocolate and is also used in other food and beverage products. Ghana's warm and humid climate provides the ideal conditions for cocoa trees to grow, and the country has a long history of producing high-quality cocoa beans. As a result, Ghana has become the world's leading producer of cocoa, with the crop being a significant contributor to the country's economy.

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Udi hill is the same as Enugu Escarpment and is an example of Cuesta landscape in Nigeria.

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The most densely populated city which is also the capital of a country in Africa is Cairo, which is the capital of Egypt. Cairo is the largest city in Egypt and one of the most populous cities in Africa and the Arab world, with a population of over 9 million people. Its metropolitan area is even larger, with over 20 million people. The reason why Cairo is the most densely populated capital city in Africa is due to its long history, strategic location, and economic opportunities that have attracted people from all over Egypt and neighboring countries. As a result, the city has experienced rapid population growth, leading to overcrowding, traffic congestion, and other urban challenges.

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Nigeria recently entered into trade agreements in petroleum products and gas with some West African countries. This means that Nigeria has made agreements with certain countries in West Africa to buy and sell petroleum products and gas. These agreements allow Nigeria to export its oil and gas to other countries in the region, and to import petroleum products that it needs from those countries. It's important to note that the agreements do not cover all West African countries, most countries of North Africa, or all African countries. Only some specific countries in West Africa have been included in these agreements.

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The merging together of a number of urban settlements will produce a conurbation. A conurbation is a region comprising of several towns or cities that have grown and merged together to form a continuous built-up area. When multiple urban settlements expand and merge into each other, they create a larger urban area with shared infrastructure, transportation systems, and social and economic activities. Conurbations can also be described as a type of metropolitan area, where the boundaries between the individual settlements become blurred, and they effectively become one larger urban area. Examples of conurbations include the Greater London Urban Area in the UK and the Lagos Conurbation in Nigeria. In summary, a conurbation is the result of multiple urban settlements growing and merging together to create a larger urban area.

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The most suitable statistical diagram to show spatial distribution of population is a dot map. A dot map displays the spatial pattern of data by placing dots on a map, where each dot represents a specific number of occurrences or population. In the case of population, each dot could represent a specific number of people, such as 10,000 or 100,000. The dots are usually placed randomly within predefined geographic areas, such as cities, states, or countries. Dot maps are useful for showing the relative density of populations in different areas and can be used to identify patterns, clusters, and outliers in the data. Pie charts and divided circles are not suitable for showing the spatial distribution of population, as they are more appropriate for showing proportions or percentages of a whole. Line graphs are used to show trends over time and are not suitable for displaying spatial data.

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The route-ways (road, rail, water) need constant maintenance and the facilities (seaports, airports) as well as the spare parts which are costly to acquire and maintain.

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The igneous rock with distinct grains of mica, feldspar, and quartz is granite. Granite is a coarse-grained igneous rock that is composed of minerals such as mica, feldspar, and quartz. Mica is a shiny mineral that forms in thin, flat sheets and gives granite a distinctive glittery appearance. Feldspar is a group of minerals that are the most common minerals in the Earth's crust, and quartz is a hard, crystalline mineral that is also very common in rocks. Granite is formed deep underground when magma cools slowly and crystallizes over time. The slow cooling allows the minerals to form distinct, visible grains, which is why granite has a coarse texture. The presence of mica, feldspar, and quartz in granite gives it a unique appearance and makes it a popular choice for building and construction, as well as for decorative purposes.

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The depositional landform occurring where streams emerge from a mountain area in a desert is an alluvial fan. An alluvial fan is a cone-shaped deposit of sediment that forms where a fast-moving stream or river meets a plain or valley. The sediment, which is usually composed of sand, gravel, and other debris, is carried downstream by the flowing water and eventually spreads out over a wide area when the water slows down. In a desert setting, these alluvial fans can be quite large and are an important source of water and fertile soil for plants and animals that live in the region.

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The formation of coal is associated with heat and pressure. Coal is formed over millions of years from the remains of dead plants and organisms that are buried under sediment and subjected to high temperatures and pressure. This process, known as coalification, results in the transformation of the organic matter into coal. As the temperature and pressure increase, the coal becomes more dense and carbon-rich. Therefore, the primary factor that drives the formation of coal is the long-term accumulation of organic material and the subsequent heat and pressure that cause it to transform into coal.

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To calculate the time difference between two longitudes, we need to determine how many degrees of longitude separate them, and then convert that number into time units. The distance between 35oW and 25oE is the same as the distance between 25oE and 35oW, since they are on opposite sides of the Prime Meridian (0 degrees longitude). To find the distance between them, we add the two longitudes: 35oW + 25oE = 60o So they are 60 degrees of longitude apart. Since the Earth rotates 360 degrees in 24 hours (or 15 degrees per hour), we can calculate the time difference by dividing the distance by 15: 60 / 15 = 4 Therefore, the time difference between these two longitudes is 4 hours. Answer: 4 hours.

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Lumbering – presence of thick forest.

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The main purpose of any ground survey is to make an accurate map of a part of the earth's surface. A ground survey involves measuring and recording various features of the earth's surface, such as terrain, elevation, and the location of man-made structures. These measurements are then used to create an accurate map of the surveyed area. Ground surveys can be used for a variety of purposes, including urban planning, construction, land-use planning, and scientific research. By providing accurate information about the surveyed area, ground surveys can help ensure that projects are designed and executed effectively and efficiently. While ground surveys do involve measuring lines, angles, and other features of the earth's surface, their primary purpose is to create an accurate map of the surveyed area. This map can then be used for a range of applications, such as navigating, planning, and analysis.