JAMB UTME - Agricultural Science - 2021

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A parasite is a biotic factor that can influence agricultural production. Biotic factors refer to living organisms and their interactions within an ecosystem. A parasite is a type of organism that lives on or within another organism, known as the host, and feeds on its host's resources. In agriculture, parasites can have a negative impact on crops and livestock, reducing their health and productivity. Soil pH, topography, and soil texture are abiotic factors that influence agricultural production. Abiotic factors refer to non-living physical and chemical characteristics of the environment, such as temperature, sunlight, water, and soil. These factors can affect the growth and development of crops and livestock, and must be considered when planning and managing agricultural production.

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The exception to the problems associated with land tenure through inheritance is "right of individuals to free use and control of inherited land". This means that individuals who inherit land have the right to use it and make decisions about it as they see fit. This can be seen as a positive aspect of inheritance as it gives individuals control over their property and the ability to use it in a way that they feel is best. The other options listed, such as small land holdings and difficulty selling part of the land, are problems associated with inheritance as they can limit the ability of individuals to make the most of their property and can lead to conflicts and disputes among family members.

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The system in which a farmer uses a piece of land for a period and abandons it for another land is called "shifting cultivation". In this system, a farmer will clear a piece of land for farming, use it for a few seasons until the soil becomes less fertile, and then move on to another piece of land and repeat the process. This allows the abandoned land to recover its fertility and biodiversity. Shifting cultivation is often used by small-scale farmers in tropical regions where the soil is less fertile and where there are few other options for agriculture.

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Let's first find out how many pests there were before 25% died. If 100 pests are attacking an hectare of cocoa farm, and 25% of them suddenly died, then 100 * 25/100 = 25 pests died. So, before 25% of the pests died, there were 100 pests. And after 25% died, there were 100 - 25 = 75 pests left. Next, let's find out how many pests were sent for medical examination. If 40% of the 75 pests that were left were sent for medical examination, then 75 * 40/100 = 30 pests were sent for medical examination. So, the number of pests remaining after some were sent for medical examination is 75 - 30 = 45 pests. Therefore, the answer is 45 pests.

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The practice of bee farming is called apiculture. Apiculture, also known as beekeeping, is the maintenance and management of bee colonies for the production of honey, beeswax, and other bee products. Beekeepers typically raise bees in hives, and they may also use various techniques to increase the productivity and health of the colonies. Heliculture is the cultivation of snails, typically for their meat and eggs. Forestry is the practice of managing forests and woodlands, while agronomy is the science of managing and utilizing land for the production of crops and livestock. These practices are not related to apiculture or beekeeping.

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A friend of a farmer is the earthworm. Earthworms are beneficial to farmers because they help to improve soil fertility. They do this by consuming organic matter in the soil and excreting it as nutrient-rich castings that can be absorbed by plants. Additionally, earthworms burrow through the soil, creating channels for air and water to flow, which can help to increase soil aeration and drainage. This leads to a healthier soil structure, which can result in better plant growth and higher crop yields. For these reasons, earthworms are often referred to as "nature's tillers" and are considered to be valuable allies for farmers.

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The amount of nitrogen in a 25kg bag of urea fertilizer can be calculated by multiplying the total weight of the bag by the percentage of nitrogen in the fertilizer. Since the urea fertilizer contains 46% nitrogen, we can express this as a decimal: 46% = 0.46. Next, we multiply the total weight of the bag (25kg) by the decimal equivalent of the nitrogen content (0.46): 25kg * 0.46 = 11.5kg So, a 25kg bag of urea fertilizer contains approximately 11.5kg of nitrogen.

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Callosobruchus maculatus is a common pest of cowpea. Cowpea is a type of bean that is widely grown and consumed in many parts of the world. Callosobruchus maculatus is a tiny beetle that feeds on the seeds of the cowpea plant. This insect can cause serious damage to the crop, reducing the yield and quality of the beans. The beetle lays its eggs on the surface of the cowpea seeds, and when the eggs hatch, the larvae burrow into the seed and start feeding on it. This feeding can damage the seed and make it unviable, reducing the yield of the crop.

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The salvage value of a tractor can be calculated by subtracting the depreciation value from the initial cost. The initial cost of the tractor is ₦50,000, and the depreciation value after a year of use is ₦10,580. To calculate the salvage value, we subtract the depreciation value from the initial cost: ₦50,000 - ₦10,580 = ₦39,420 Therefore, the salvage value of the tractor after a year of use is ₦39,420.

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The hormone responsible for milk let down in female farm animals is oxytocin. Oxytocin is produced by the pituitary gland and is released into the bloodstream when the animal is ready to nurse its young or be milked. When oxytocin is released, it stimulates the contraction of the muscles in the mammary glands, causing the milk to flow from the teat. This hormone plays a crucial role in the lactation process and is essential for providing nourishment to the young in many species of mammals, including cows, goats, and sheep. The release of oxytocin can also be triggered by the stimulation of the teats, such as when a calf or kid suckles or when a milker applies a milking machine to the teat, making it a key player in the dairy industry.

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The horizon of a soil profile that encourages the greatest level of microbial activity is the A horizon. Soil horizons are defined layers in a soil profile, each with its own distinct physical and chemical properties. The A horizon, also known as the topsoil, is the topmost layer of the soil profile and is typically rich in organic matter, nutrients, and water. This layer is also where the majority of soil microbes, such as bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms, are found. The B horizon, also known as the subsoil, is below the A horizon and is typically more compact and less porous than the A horizon. It contains relatively low levels of organic matter and is not as conducive to microbial activity as the A horizon. The C horizon is the layer of soil material that is below the B horizon and is composed of partially weathered rock fragments and mineral particles. This layer typically has low levels of organic matter and is not as conducive to microbial activity as the A horizon. The D horizon is not present in all soils and is typically composed of consolidated bedrock. This layer is not conducive to microbial activity as it is typically inhospitable to life due to its lack of water and organic matter. So, the answer to the question is the A horizon.

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The primary role of agriculture is the provision of food for man and his animals. Agriculture is the science and practice of cultivating the land and raising crops and livestock for human and animal consumption. The primary purpose of agriculture is to produce food to feed the growing population and provide sustenance for both people and animals. Agriculture plays a critical role in ensuring food security and meeting the basic nutritional needs of populations around the world. While agriculture can also provide foreign exchange earnings, raw materials for industries, and employment and income for farmers, these are secondary to its main role of providing food. Agriculture is an essential part of our global food system and is essential for ensuring that people have access to the sustenance they need to live healthy lives.

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The agricultural extension method that aims at reaching a large number of farmers at the same time is the mass method. The mass method involves using mass media, such as radio and television, to reach a large audience with information about agriculture. This method allows extension workers to reach many farmers at once, even in remote areas, and to provide them with important information about new techniques, best practices, and other aspects of agriculture. The group method involves working with small groups of farmers to provide them with information and support. This method can be effective for building relationships and addressing specific local issues, but it may not reach as many farmers as the mass method. The individual method involves working one-on-one with farmers to provide them with information and support. This method can be very effective for addressing specific needs, but it may not reach as many farmers as the mass or group methods. The contact method involves making personal visits to farmers to provide them with information and support. This method can be effective for building relationships and addressing specific needs, but it may not reach as many farmers as the mass, group, or individual methods.

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The following are necessary operations in maize cultivation except nursery practices. Maize cultivation involves a number of steps, including preparation of the soil, planting, weeding, thinning, and fertilizer application. Weeding is important to remove competing vegetation that can reduce the growth and yields of the maize crop. Thinning involves removing excess plants in order to allow the remaining plants to grow to their full potential. Fertilizer application provides the plants with essential nutrients that they need to grow and produce a healthy crop. Nursery practices refer to the process of growing plants in a protected environment, such as a greenhouse or a nursery, before transplanting them to the field. While nursery practices can be important for some crops, they are not a necessary operation in maize cultivation. Maize can be directly seeded into the field and grown to maturity without the need for a separate nursery stage.

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The main processes involved in the marketing of cotton do not include wedding. Wedding is not a process that is typically associated with the marketing of cotton. The marketing of cotton typically involves several key processes, including processing, grading, and packaging. Processing involves cleaning and preparing the cotton fibers for use in various products. This may include spinning the cotton into yarn or thread, and weaving or knitting the cotton into fabric. Grading involves evaluating the quality of the cotton fibers and sorting them into different grades based on factors such as length, strength, and color. This helps to ensure that the cotton fibers are used in the most appropriate applications and that customers receive the best quality products. Packaging involves packaging the cotton fibers or products made from cotton into bags or other containers for storage and transportation. This helps to protect the cotton from damage and contamination during transit and storage, and makes it easier for customers to handle and use the cotton in their own operations.

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The gestation period is the time between conception and parturition. Gestation is the period of pregnancy in mammals, during which a fertilized egg develops into a fetus and prepares for birth. The gestation period is the length of time from when the sperm fertilizes the egg to when the animal gives birth. This period can vary greatly among different species, ranging from a few weeks in some small mammals to over a year in elephants and whales. The time of fusion of the sperm and the egg is referred to as fertilization. The time of release of the ovum from the ovary is referred to as ovulation. The time of birth of the young animal is referred to as parturition.

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Lions, elephants, and donkeys are usually kept in game reserves. Game reserves are areas of land where wild animals are protected and kept in their natural habitats. These animals are usually native to the region and are kept safe from hunting or other human activities that may harm them. The purpose of game reserves is to conserve the animals and their ecosystems for future generations to enjoy and appreciate.

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The characteristic symptoms of mosaic disease of crops can be observed on the leaves of plants. This disease is caused by viruses and is characterized by the appearance of yellow or greenish-yellow patches or mottling on the leaves. The leaves may also become curled, stunted or distorted. This discoloration and distortion is referred to as the "mosaic" pattern, hence the name of the disease. The virus can spread quickly throughout the plant, affecting its overall growth and yield. In some cases, the fruits of the plant may also be affected.

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The adult male cattle is called a bull. A bull is a male cattle that has reached adulthood and is used for breeding and for producing beef. Bulls are typically larger and stronger than cows (female cattle) and have distinctive characteristics such as horns and a hump on their shoulders. They play an important role in the agriculture industry, as they are used for breeding to produce more cattle for dairy, beef, and other agricultural purposes. Ram is a term used for adult male sheep, while boar is a term used for adult male pigs. Duck is a type of waterbird and not a type of cattle.

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The easiest method of determining soil texture in the field is by feeling. This method involves taking a sample of soil and using your fingers to feel the size and shape of the individual soil particles. Based on the size and shape of the soil particles, you can determine whether the soil is sand, silt, or clay. Sand is the largest soil particle and feels gritty. Silt is a medium-sized soil particle and feels smooth. Clay is the smallest soil particle and feels sticky. By determining the dominant soil particle size, you can determine the soil texture and classify the soil as sandy, silty, or clayey. This method is quick, simple, and does not require any special equipment, making it an easy way to determine soil texture in the field.

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The average weather condition of a place, measured over a long period of time, is called climate. Climate refers to the long-term patterns of temperature, precipitation, wind, and other meteorological conditions in a specific region. Climate is different from weather, which is the condition of the atmosphere at a specific time and place. Climate is determined by a variety of factors, including the geography of a region, its distance from the equator, and the prevailing winds and ocean currents. Climate is a complex system and it can take many years of data and observation to understand it completely. Understanding a region's climate is important for a variety of reasons, including agriculture, transportation, and energy production.

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Root-knot disease of tomato is caused by a type of parasitic nematode. Nematodes are microscopic, worm-like organisms that can infect the roots of plants. In the case of root-knot disease of tomato, the nematodes feed on the roots of the plant, causing knots or galls to form. This can result in reduced growth, reduced yields, and in severe cases, death of the plant. The nematodes can survive in the soil for long periods of time and they can infect a wide range of plants, including tomatoes, peppers, melons, and many others. To control root-knot disease, it is important to practice good crop rotation, avoid planting susceptible crops in infested soil, and use nematicides if necessary.

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A subsidy in agricultural enterprise is a financial benefit provided by the government to support the agricultural sector. It can take many forms, but one example is the supply of fertilizers to farmers at a reduced price. In this scenario, the government reduces the cost of fertilizers for farmers by providing subsidies, making it more affordable for them to purchase the necessary inputs to grow their crops. This helps to improve the overall productivity and competitiveness of the agricultural sector, and can have a positive impact on the lives of farmers and the local economy. The other options listed (borrowing of money from a thrift society, provision of money to farmers through commercial banks, and provision of services through cooperative societies) are not considered subsidies in the strictest sense. However, they may still provide valuable support to farmers and the agricultural sector in other ways.

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The condition in which a gene does not manifest observable characteristics in the presence of its dominant allele is known as recessiveness. In genetics, alleles are different versions of a gene. When an organism has two different alleles for a particular gene, one allele will be dominant and the other will be recessive. The dominant allele masks the expression of the recessive allele, so that the observable characteristics associated with the dominant allele are expressed in the organism. A recessive gene is only expressed when an organism has two copies of that gene, one from each parent. If an organism has one dominant allele and one recessive allele, the dominant allele will mask the expression of the recessive allele. So, the answer to the question is recessiveness. Mutation refers to a change in the DNA sequence of a gene, while dominance refers to the relationship between two alleles, where one allele masks the expression of another. Homozygosity refers to the condition in which an organism has two identical alleles for a particular gene.

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Ginger is propagated by rhizomes, which are underground stems that grow horizontally and produce roots and shoots. Essentially, you can plant a piece of a ginger rhizome, and it will grow into a new plant. This is a common way to propagate ginger because it is easy and efficient, and it allows you to quickly produce many new plants from one parent plant. In simple terms, you can think of rhizomes as "cuttings" that you can take from an existing ginger plant and plant elsewhere to grow a new plant.

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The amount of feed consumed by a layer per day is 0.125kg/day. This can be calculated by dividing the total amount of feed consumed by 200 layers, which is 25kg, by the number of layers, which is 200. This gives us 25 / 200 = 0.125kg/day. So, each layer consumes an average of 0.125kg of feed per day.

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An advantage of an extensive system of rearing goats is low labor requirement. This means that in an extensive system, goats are allowed to graze and forage for their own food in a natural environment, with minimal human intervention. This can result in a lower cost of production as there is less need for expensive feed and fewer inputs required for maintenance. Additionally, this system can also be less time-consuming for the farmer, as there is less need for daily chores such as feeding and cleaning.

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The surveying equipment used for measuring angles during farm surveying is a Theodolite. A Theodolite is a precision instrument used to measure both horizontal and vertical angles. It consists of a rotating tripod mounted telescope that can be swiveled both vertically and horizontally. The Theodolite is used to determine angles between points on the land, which is important in farm surveying to calculate the slope of the land, the direction of water flow, and other important aspects of land management. The Theodolite makes precise measurements by using a system of crosshairs and a protractor-like scale. This information is used to create maps and plans for the farm, which helps farmers to make informed decisions about planting crops, managing water resources, and other important tasks.

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The correct answer is: Igneous rock. Igneous rock is a type of rock that forms from the solidification of magma or lava. Magma is molten rock that is found underneath the Earth's crust. When the magma rises to the surface and cools down, it solidifies into a rock that we call igneous rock. Examples of igneous rocks include granite, basalt, and pumice. Metamorphic rock, on the other hand, is a type of rock that forms from the alteration of existing rocks due to heat, pressure, and/or chemical processes. These rocks are transformed from one type of rock into another. Sedimentary rock is a type of rock that forms from the accumulation and compression of sediment, such as sand, mud, and other organic materials. These rocks are often found in layers and can contain fossils. Caleima rock is not a recognized type of rock.

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Ginning is a method of processing cotton. Ginning is the process of separating the cotton fibers from the seeds in cotton crops. The cotton fibers are used to make textiles, while the cotton seeds are used for oil production. Ginning is done by passing the cotton through a machine called a cotton gin, which uses a combination of mechanical and manual processes to separate the fibers from the seeds. Cocoa, oil palm, and palm kernel oil are not processed by ginning. Cocoa is a crop that is used to make chocolate, while oil palm is a type of palm tree that is grown for its oil-rich fruit. Palm kernel oil is derived from the seeds of the oil palm tree and is used in a variety of food and industrial products. So, the answer to the question is cotton.

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The main source of power for subsistence agriculture is man. Subsistence agriculture is a type of farming where the farmers grow crops and raise livestock for their own needs, rather than for sale. In this type of agriculture, the main source of power for planting and harvesting crops and caring for livestock is human labor. This can include manual labor such as plowing fields with a hand plow, planting seeds by hand, and carrying heavy loads.

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A spade is not a farm surveying equipment. Farm surveying equipment refers to the tools and instruments used to measure and map the land for agricultural purposes. This equipment is used to determine the boundaries and dimensions of a field, the slope of the land, and other physical features that can affect the planning and management of agriculture. The Abney level, compass, and Gunter's chain are all examples of farm surveying equipment. The Abney level is a type of hand-held instrument used to measure angles and slopes. The compass is used to determine direction and to align survey lines. Gunter's chain is a type of measuring tape that is used to measure distances and to lay out survey lines. A spade, on the other hand, is a tool used for digging and removing soil. While a spade can be useful for preparing the soil for planting, it is not typically considered a surveying instrument.