JAMB UTME - Agricultural Science - 2021

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The option that does not describe the effect of practicing crop rotation is "adding humus to the soil." Crop rotation involves planting different crops in a specific sequence in a certain area over time. The purpose of this is to maintain and improve soil fertility, control soil erosion, and prevent the build-up of pests and diseases. By rotating crops, the soil is given a chance to rest and recover nutrients that were taken away by previous crops, leading to healthier soil and better crop growth. On the other hand, adding humus to the soil involves adding organic matter such as compost, leaves, or manure to the soil. This helps to improve soil structure, water retention, and nutrient availability. While adding humus to the soil can complement the effects of crop rotation, it is not a direct result of practicing crop rotation.

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The following is not a method of improving rangeland: regular application of fertilizers. Improving rangeland involves managing the land in a way that promotes the growth of desirable vegetation and reduces the impact of undesirable vegetation. One of the methods of improving rangeland is practicing continuous grazing, which involves rotating animals from one area to another to prevent overgrazing and allow the vegetation to recover. Routine and regular weeding involves removing unwanted plants that compete with the desirable vegetation for water, nutrients, and light. Routine reseeding involves replanting desirable vegetation that has been lost due to natural causes or overgrazing. While regular application of fertilizers can be important for improving the quality of cultivated crops, it is not a method of improving rangeland. In many cases, applying fertilizers to rangeland can actually have negative impacts, such as altering the natural balance of the ecosystem and promoting the growth of undesirable vegetation. It is often better to manage rangeland through a combination of grazing management, weed control, and reseeding, rather than applying fertilizers.

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Lions, elephants, and donkeys are usually kept in game reserves. Game reserves are areas of land where wild animals are protected and kept in their natural habitats. These animals are usually native to the region and are kept safe from hunting or other human activities that may harm them. The purpose of game reserves is to conserve the animals and their ecosystems for future generations to enjoy and appreciate.

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Ginger is propagated by rhizomes, which are underground stems that grow horizontally and produce roots and shoots. Essentially, you can plant a piece of a ginger rhizome, and it will grow into a new plant. This is a common way to propagate ginger because it is easy and efficient, and it allows you to quickly produce many new plants from one parent plant. In simple terms, you can think of rhizomes as "cuttings" that you can take from an existing ginger plant and plant elsewhere to grow a new plant.

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The main source of power for subsistence agriculture is man. Subsistence agriculture is a type of farming where the farmers grow crops and raise livestock for their own needs, rather than for sale. In this type of agriculture, the main source of power for planting and harvesting crops and caring for livestock is human labor. This can include manual labor such as plowing fields with a hand plow, planting seeds by hand, and carrying heavy loads.

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Layer's ration contains more limestone than grower's ration because limestone supplies sufficient minerals to layers for shell formation. Layers are chickens that are specifically raised for egg production, while growers are chickens that are raised for meat production. The composition of the feed for these two types of chickens is different, with layer's ration containing more calcium in the form of limestone. Calcium is an essential mineral for the formation of eggshells, and it is important for layers to have a constant supply of calcium in their diet. The higher level of limestone in layer's ration helps to ensure that the layers have access to the calcium they need for strong and healthy eggshells. On the other hand, growers do not require as much calcium in their diet as layers, so their ration contains less limestone.

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A spade is not a farm surveying equipment. Farm surveying equipment refers to the tools and instruments used to measure and map the land for agricultural purposes. This equipment is used to determine the boundaries and dimensions of a field, the slope of the land, and other physical features that can affect the planning and management of agriculture. The Abney level, compass, and Gunter's chain are all examples of farm surveying equipment. The Abney level is a type of hand-held instrument used to measure angles and slopes. The compass is used to determine direction and to align survey lines. Gunter's chain is a type of measuring tape that is used to measure distances and to lay out survey lines. A spade, on the other hand, is a tool used for digging and removing soil. While a spade can be useful for preparing the soil for planting, it is not typically considered a surveying instrument.

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Records of money transactions in a farming business are called farm accounts. Farm accounts refer to the records of all financial transactions in a farming business, including income, expenses, and other financial activities. These records are used to track the financial performance of the farm and to make informed decisions about future investments, expenses, and other financial matters. Farm inputs refer to the materials, equipment, and supplies that are used in the production of crops or livestock. Capital refers to the financial resources available to a farm, including savings, investments, and loans. Farm liabilities are debts or obligations that a farm owes to others, such as loans, bills, and other financial obligations. So, the answer to the question is farm accounts.

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The practice of bee farming is called apiculture. Apiculture, also known as beekeeping, is the maintenance and management of bee colonies for the production of honey, beeswax, and other bee products. Beekeepers typically raise bees in hives, and they may also use various techniques to increase the productivity and health of the colonies. Heliculture is the cultivation of snails, typically for their meat and eggs. Forestry is the practice of managing forests and woodlands, while agronomy is the science of managing and utilizing land for the production of crops and livestock. These practices are not related to apiculture or beekeeping.

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Subsistence agriculture is characterized by small farm holdings and the production of food for the farmer's own use and consumption. Subsistence agriculture is a type of farming that is practiced on a small scale and is focused on providing food and basic necessities for the farmer and their family, rather than producing crops for sale or trade. Subsistence farmers typically cultivate small plots of land and use simple tools and techniques to grow crops and raise animals. In contrast, large scale agriculture is characterized by the use of machines and intensive use of inputs, such as fertilizers and pesticides, to maximize production and increase profits. While subsistence agriculture can provide food security for the farmer and their family, it can also result in low yields and limited economic opportunities. On the other hand, large scale agriculture can be more efficient and profitable, but can also lead to environmental degradation and social inequalities.

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The horizon of a soil profile that encourages the greatest level of microbial activity is the A horizon. Soil horizons are defined layers in a soil profile, each with its own distinct physical and chemical properties. The A horizon, also known as the topsoil, is the topmost layer of the soil profile and is typically rich in organic matter, nutrients, and water. This layer is also where the majority of soil microbes, such as bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms, are found. The B horizon, also known as the subsoil, is below the A horizon and is typically more compact and less porous than the A horizon. It contains relatively low levels of organic matter and is not as conducive to microbial activity as the A horizon. The C horizon is the layer of soil material that is below the B horizon and is composed of partially weathered rock fragments and mineral particles. This layer typically has low levels of organic matter and is not as conducive to microbial activity as the A horizon. The D horizon is not present in all soils and is typically composed of consolidated bedrock. This layer is not conducive to microbial activity as it is typically inhospitable to life due to its lack of water and organic matter. So, the answer to the question is the A horizon.

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A friend of a farmer is the earthworm. Earthworms are beneficial to farmers because they help to improve soil fertility. They do this by consuming organic matter in the soil and excreting it as nutrient-rich castings that can be absorbed by plants. Additionally, earthworms burrow through the soil, creating channels for air and water to flow, which can help to increase soil aeration and drainage. This leads to a healthier soil structure, which can result in better plant growth and higher crop yields. For these reasons, earthworms are often referred to as "nature's tillers" and are considered to be valuable allies for farmers.

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Planting different varieties of timber is not a problem of forest management. It is actually a solution to the problem. The idea behind planting different varieties of timber is to improve the health and diversity of the forest ecosystem, which can make it more resilient to pests, disease, and other threats. By planting different types of trees, forest managers can also create a more varied and sustainable source of wood and other forest products, which can help to support local communities and economies.

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The surveying equipment used for measuring angles during farm surveying is a Theodolite. A Theodolite is a precision instrument used to measure both horizontal and vertical angles. It consists of a rotating tripod mounted telescope that can be swiveled both vertically and horizontally. The Theodolite is used to determine angles between points on the land, which is important in farm surveying to calculate the slope of the land, the direction of water flow, and other important aspects of land management. The Theodolite makes precise measurements by using a system of crosshairs and a protractor-like scale. This information is used to create maps and plans for the farm, which helps farmers to make informed decisions about planting crops, managing water resources, and other important tasks.

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The amount of nitrogen in a 25kg bag of urea fertilizer can be calculated by multiplying the total weight of the bag by the percentage of nitrogen in the fertilizer. Since the urea fertilizer contains 46% nitrogen, we can express this as a decimal: 46% = 0.46. Next, we multiply the total weight of the bag (25kg) by the decimal equivalent of the nitrogen content (0.46): 25kg * 0.46 = 11.5kg So, a 25kg bag of urea fertilizer contains approximately 11.5kg of nitrogen.

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IITA stands for International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. It is an international research organization that focuses on agricultural development in tropical regions, particularly in Africa. The goal of IITA is to help farmers in these areas improve their yields and livelihoods by providing them with better seeds, technologies, and knowledge. The institute conducts research and development work in various areas of agriculture, including plant breeding, crop production, and agroforestry. It works with government agencies, universities, and other organizations to help farmers in tropical regions grow more food and improve their lives.

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The practice of mating closely related animals is called inbreeding. Inbreeding is when two animals that are closely related, such as siblings or parent and offspring, are bred together. This increases the likelihood that their offspring will have similar traits and characteristics because they share many of the same genes. While inbreeding can lead to the expression of desirable traits, it can also increase the risk of genetic disorders and other health problems. For this reason, many breeders prefer to use outbreeding, or mating animals that are not closely related, to promote genetic diversity and reduce the risk of health problems in their offspring.

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Financial assistance from the government to farmers is usually in the form of loans, credits, and subsidies. These forms of financial support are intended to help farmers purchase necessary equipment, improve their farming practices, and increase their food production. However, financial assistance in the form of tax is not typically offered to farmers. Tax is a financial obligation that must be paid by individuals and businesses, including farmers, to the government. Tax is not considered a form of financial assistance as it is not intended to provide financial support to the taxpayer. Instead, tax is used to fund various government services and programs.

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Ginning is a method of processing cotton. Ginning is the process of separating the cotton fibers from the seeds in cotton crops. The cotton fibers are used to make textiles, while the cotton seeds are used for oil production. Ginning is done by passing the cotton through a machine called a cotton gin, which uses a combination of mechanical and manual processes to separate the fibers from the seeds. Cocoa, oil palm, and palm kernel oil are not processed by ginning. Cocoa is a crop that is used to make chocolate, while oil palm is a type of palm tree that is grown for its oil-rich fruit. Palm kernel oil is derived from the seeds of the oil palm tree and is used in a variety of food and industrial products. So, the answer to the question is cotton.

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The gestation period is the time between conception and parturition. Gestation is the period of pregnancy in mammals, during which a fertilized egg develops into a fetus and prepares for birth. The gestation period is the length of time from when the sperm fertilizes the egg to when the animal gives birth. This period can vary greatly among different species, ranging from a few weeks in some small mammals to over a year in elephants and whales. The time of fusion of the sperm and the egg is referred to as fertilization. The time of release of the ovum from the ovary is referred to as ovulation. The time of birth of the young animal is referred to as parturition.

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An important farm machine used for coupling many implements is a tractor. A tractor is a powerful vehicle that is equipped with a hitch system, which allows it to connect and tow a variety of implements, such as plows, harrows, cultivators, mowers, and more. Tractors are widely used in agriculture to perform a range of tasks, from tilling soil to planting and harvesting crops. A disc harrow is also a common implement used in agriculture, but it is not typically used for coupling many implements. A disc harrow is a farm implement that is used to break up and level soil, as well as control weeds. A harvester is a machine that is used for harvesting crops, such as grains, fruits, and vegetables. Harvesters typically have a cutting mechanism and a collection system to gather the crops as they are harvested. A plough is a farm implement that is used for breaking up and turning over soil in preparation for planting crops. Plows come in various sizes and types, and they can be mounted on tractors or pulled by draft animals.

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The easiest method of determining soil texture in the field is by feeling. This method involves taking a sample of soil and using your fingers to feel the size and shape of the individual soil particles. Based on the size and shape of the soil particles, you can determine whether the soil is sand, silt, or clay. Sand is the largest soil particle and feels gritty. Silt is a medium-sized soil particle and feels smooth. Clay is the smallest soil particle and feels sticky. By determining the dominant soil particle size, you can determine the soil texture and classify the soil as sandy, silty, or clayey. This method is quick, simple, and does not require any special equipment, making it an easy way to determine soil texture in the field.

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The main processes involved in the marketing of cotton do not include wedding. Wedding is not a process that is typically associated with the marketing of cotton. The marketing of cotton typically involves several key processes, including processing, grading, and packaging. Processing involves cleaning and preparing the cotton fibers for use in various products. This may include spinning the cotton into yarn or thread, and weaving or knitting the cotton into fabric. Grading involves evaluating the quality of the cotton fibers and sorting them into different grades based on factors such as length, strength, and color. This helps to ensure that the cotton fibers are used in the most appropriate applications and that customers receive the best quality products. Packaging involves packaging the cotton fibers or products made from cotton into bags or other containers for storage and transportation. This helps to protect the cotton from damage and contamination during transit and storage, and makes it easier for customers to handle and use the cotton in their own operations.

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The primary role of agriculture is the provision of food for man and his animals. Agriculture is the science and practice of cultivating the land and raising crops and livestock for human and animal consumption. The primary purpose of agriculture is to produce food to feed the growing population and provide sustenance for both people and animals. Agriculture plays a critical role in ensuring food security and meeting the basic nutritional needs of populations around the world. While agriculture can also provide foreign exchange earnings, raw materials for industries, and employment and income for farmers, these are secondary to its main role of providing food. Agriculture is an essential part of our global food system and is essential for ensuring that people have access to the sustenance they need to live healthy lives.

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The following are necessary operations in maize cultivation except nursery practices. Maize cultivation involves a number of steps, including preparation of the soil, planting, weeding, thinning, and fertilizer application. Weeding is important to remove competing vegetation that can reduce the growth and yields of the maize crop. Thinning involves removing excess plants in order to allow the remaining plants to grow to their full potential. Fertilizer application provides the plants with essential nutrients that they need to grow and produce a healthy crop. Nursery practices refer to the process of growing plants in a protected environment, such as a greenhouse or a nursery, before transplanting them to the field. While nursery practices can be important for some crops, they are not a necessary operation in maize cultivation. Maize can be directly seeded into the field and grown to maturity without the need for a separate nursery stage.

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Let's first find out how many pests there were before 25% died. If 100 pests are attacking an hectare of cocoa farm, and 25% of them suddenly died, then 100 * 25/100 = 25 pests died. So, before 25% of the pests died, there were 100 pests. And after 25% died, there were 100 - 25 = 75 pests left. Next, let's find out how many pests were sent for medical examination. If 40% of the 75 pests that were left were sent for medical examination, then 75 * 40/100 = 30 pests were sent for medical examination. So, the number of pests remaining after some were sent for medical examination is 75 - 30 = 45 pests. Therefore, the answer is 45 pests.

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The adult male cattle is called a bull. A bull is a mature male bovine animal that is used for breeding and producing offspring. Bulls are typically larger and stronger than female cattle, and they have distinctive characteristics such as large horns and a muscular build. A ram is a male sheep, while a boar is a mature male pig. These animals are not called bulls, as they are not bovine animals. A duck is a type of bird, and it is not related to cattle or other domesticated farm animals.

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In subsistence agriculture, surplus produce is small and savings are not made. Subsistence agriculture is a type of agricultural system in which farmers grow food primarily for their own consumption and for the consumption of their families and communities. In subsistence agriculture, farmers typically have limited resources and technology, and the focus is on producing enough food to meet basic needs, rather than producing a surplus for sale or trade. As a result, the surplus produce from subsistence agriculture is typically small, and farmers do not have the resources or market access to make savings or investments. Instead, they focus on producing enough food to feed themselves and their families. Farm sizes in subsistence agriculture can vary, and may range from small plots of land to larger holdings. The main focus is on producing enough food to meet basic needs, rather than maximizing production and profits. So, the answer to the question is surplus produce is small and savings are not made.

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Fertile soil is one that contains all essential plant nutrients in suitable proportions. Fertile soil is rich in nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, that are essential for plant growth and development. It also contains other important minerals and organic matter that support the health of the soil and the plants growing in it. A soil that is fertile will produce a good harvest of crops, including cowpea, because the plants are able to access the nutrients they need to grow strong and healthy. In addition to being rich in nutrients, fertile soil is also well aerated and easily drained, which allows the roots of the plants to access air and water, two critical components of healthy plant growth.

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The average weather condition of a place, measured over a long period of time, is called climate. Climate refers to the long-term patterns of temperature, precipitation, wind, and other meteorological conditions in a specific region. Climate is different from weather, which is the condition of the atmosphere at a specific time and place. Climate is determined by a variety of factors, including the geography of a region, its distance from the equator, and the prevailing winds and ocean currents. Climate is a complex system and it can take many years of data and observation to understand it completely. Understanding a region's climate is important for a variety of reasons, including agriculture, transportation, and energy production.

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The main objectives of agriculture are food production, income generation, and provision of employment. Food production refers to the growing of crops and raising of livestock for the purpose of feeding people. Agriculture is the main source of food for most populations around the world and plays a crucial role in ensuring food security. Income generation refers to the use of agriculture as a means to earn money. This can be achieved through the sale of crops, livestock, and other agricultural products. Agriculture provides a source of livelihood for millions of people, particularly in rural areas. Provision of employment refers to the creation of job opportunities in the agricultural sector. This includes jobs in farming, processing, and other related industries. Agriculture can help to reduce unemployment, especially in areas where there are limited job opportunities. The objective of provision of shelter is not typically considered one of the main objectives of agriculture. Although, agriculture can play a role in providing materials for building homes, such as wood and other natural resources, the primary focus of agriculture is on food production, income generation, and employment.