JAMB UTME - Agricultural Science - 2021

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A piece of land is said to be on lease to a farmer when the land is given to him for a specific period of time on rental basis. This means that the farmer has the right to use the land for agricultural purposes for a certain amount of time, usually several years, in exchange for paying a fee or rent to the owner of the land. At the end of the lease period, the farmer must return the land to the owner. This arrangement allows the farmer to use the land without having to purchase it outright, while also providing the owner with a source of income from the rent paid by the farmer.

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The correct order for land preparation is: land clearing → ploughing → harrowing → ridging. Land clearing involves removing trees, bushes, and other vegetation from the land to make it ready for farming. Ploughing is the process of breaking up the soil using a plough to make it easier to plant seeds and improve water and air penetration. Harrowing is the process of breaking up any clumps of soil formed after ploughing and smoothing out the soil surface. Ridging involves creating raised beds or mounds of soil in the field to improve drainage and to provide a place for planting crops. By following this order, the soil is properly prepared for planting and the crops are more likely to grow well and produce a good harvest.

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The agricultural extension method that aims at reaching a large number of farmers at the same time is the mass method. The mass method involves using mass media, such as radio and television, to reach a large audience with information about agriculture. This method allows extension workers to reach many farmers at once, even in remote areas, and to provide them with important information about new techniques, best practices, and other aspects of agriculture. The group method involves working with small groups of farmers to provide them with information and support. This method can be effective for building relationships and addressing specific local issues, but it may not reach as many farmers as the mass method. The individual method involves working one-on-one with farmers to provide them with information and support. This method can be very effective for addressing specific needs, but it may not reach as many farmers as the mass or group methods. The contact method involves making personal visits to farmers to provide them with information and support. This method can be effective for building relationships and addressing specific needs, but it may not reach as many farmers as the mass, group, or individual methods.

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A subsidy in agricultural enterprise is a financial benefit provided by the government to support the agricultural sector. It can take many forms, but one example is the supply of fertilizers to farmers at a reduced price. In this scenario, the government reduces the cost of fertilizers for farmers by providing subsidies, making it more affordable for them to purchase the necessary inputs to grow their crops. This helps to improve the overall productivity and competitiveness of the agricultural sector, and can have a positive impact on the lives of farmers and the local economy. The other options listed (borrowing of money from a thrift society, provision of money to farmers through commercial banks, and provision of services through cooperative societies) are not considered subsidies in the strictest sense. However, they may still provide valuable support to farmers and the agricultural sector in other ways.

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The exception to the problems associated with land tenure through inheritance is "right of individuals to free use and control of inherited land". This means that individuals who inherit land have the right to use it and make decisions about it as they see fit. This can be seen as a positive aspect of inheritance as it gives individuals control over their property and the ability to use it in a way that they feel is best. The other options listed, such as small land holdings and difficulty selling part of the land, are problems associated with inheritance as they can limit the ability of individuals to make the most of their property and can lead to conflicts and disputes among family members.

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The natural resource utilized for production refers to the resources that are found in nature and used to produce goods and services. These resources include land, water, minerals, forests, and other raw materials that are necessary for production. They are the foundation for economic activity, as they provide the raw materials and energy needed to produce goods and services. They are finite, meaning that they are limited in availability and once used, they cannot be replenished. Therefore, it is important to use them in a sustainable manner, to ensure that they are available for future generations.

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Storm is not an example of edaphic factors. Edaphic factors refer to the soil and other physical and chemical characteristics of the land, such as rocks and topography, that influence the growth and development of plants and other organisms in an ecosystem. Storms, on the other hand, are events that occur in the atmosphere, such as heavy rainfall, strong winds, and lightning, and they do not directly influence the soil and land characteristics.

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An important farm machine used for coupling many implements is a tractor. A tractor is a powerful vehicle that is equipped with a hitch system, which allows it to connect and tow a variety of implements, such as plows, harrows, cultivators, mowers, and more. Tractors are widely used in agriculture to perform a range of tasks, from tilling soil to planting and harvesting crops. A disc harrow is also a common implement used in agriculture, but it is not typically used for coupling many implements. A disc harrow is a farm implement that is used to break up and level soil, as well as control weeds. A harvester is a machine that is used for harvesting crops, such as grains, fruits, and vegetables. Harvesters typically have a cutting mechanism and a collection system to gather the crops as they are harvested. A plough is a farm implement that is used for breaking up and turning over soil in preparation for planting crops. Plows come in various sizes and types, and they can be mounted on tractors or pulled by draft animals.

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Records of money transactions in a farming business are called farm accounts. Farm accounts refer to the records of all financial transactions in a farming business, including income, expenses, and other financial activities. These records are used to track the financial performance of the farm and to make informed decisions about future investments, expenses, and other financial matters. Farm inputs refer to the materials, equipment, and supplies that are used in the production of crops or livestock. Capital refers to the financial resources available to a farm, including savings, investments, and loans. Farm liabilities are debts or obligations that a farm owes to others, such as loans, bills, and other financial obligations. So, the answer to the question is farm accounts.

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The following are necessary operations in maize cultivation except nursery practices. Maize cultivation involves a number of steps, including preparation of the soil, planting, weeding, thinning, and fertilizer application. Weeding is important to remove competing vegetation that can reduce the growth and yields of the maize crop. Thinning involves removing excess plants in order to allow the remaining plants to grow to their full potential. Fertilizer application provides the plants with essential nutrients that they need to grow and produce a healthy crop. Nursery practices refer to the process of growing plants in a protected environment, such as a greenhouse or a nursery, before transplanting them to the field. While nursery practices can be important for some crops, they are not a necessary operation in maize cultivation. Maize can be directly seeded into the field and grown to maturity without the need for a separate nursery stage.

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The average weather condition of a place, measured over a long period of time, is called climate. Climate refers to the long-term patterns of temperature, precipitation, wind, and other meteorological conditions in a specific region. Climate is different from weather, which is the condition of the atmosphere at a specific time and place. Climate is determined by a variety of factors, including the geography of a region, its distance from the equator, and the prevailing winds and ocean currents. Climate is a complex system and it can take many years of data and observation to understand it completely. Understanding a region's climate is important for a variety of reasons, including agriculture, transportation, and energy production.

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The horizon of a soil profile that encourages the greatest level of microbial activity is the A horizon. Soil horizons are defined layers in a soil profile, each with its own distinct physical and chemical properties. The A horizon, also known as the topsoil, is the topmost layer of the soil profile and is typically rich in organic matter, nutrients, and water. This layer is also where the majority of soil microbes, such as bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms, are found. The B horizon, also known as the subsoil, is below the A horizon and is typically more compact and less porous than the A horizon. It contains relatively low levels of organic matter and is not as conducive to microbial activity as the A horizon. The C horizon is the layer of soil material that is below the B horizon and is composed of partially weathered rock fragments and mineral particles. This layer typically has low levels of organic matter and is not as conducive to microbial activity as the A horizon. The D horizon is not present in all soils and is typically composed of consolidated bedrock. This layer is not conducive to microbial activity as it is typically inhospitable to life due to its lack of water and organic matter. So, the answer to the question is the A horizon.

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Foot and mouth disease is a highly contagious viral disease that affects cattle, as well as other cloven-hoofed animals such as pigs, sheep, and goats. The most common symptoms of foot and mouth disease in cattle include excessive production of saliva, sores on the feet and tongue, and lameness. However, blood-stained diarrhea is not typically a symptom of foot and mouth disease in cattle. While diarrhea can occur as a result of other diseases or health conditions, it is not a common symptom of foot and mouth disease. If a farmer notices blood in the diarrhea of their cattle, it is important to seek veterinary advice to determine the underlying cause and provide appropriate treatment.

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An advantage of an extensive system of rearing goats is low labor requirement. This means that in an extensive system, goats are allowed to graze and forage for their own food in a natural environment, with minimal human intervention. This can result in a lower cost of production as there is less need for expensive feed and fewer inputs required for maintenance. Additionally, this system can also be less time-consuming for the farmer, as there is less need for daily chores such as feeding and cleaning.

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The most common factor affecting land use is population pressure. This means that as the number of people in an area increases, there is a greater demand for land to be used for residential, commercial, and industrial purposes. This pressure can lead to changes in land use, such as the conversion of farmland to urban areas, deforestation, and the development of new infrastructure. In simple terms, as the population grows, the demand for land increases, and this affects how the land is used.

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Let's first find out how many pests there were before 25% died. If 100 pests are attacking an hectare of cocoa farm, and 25% of them suddenly died, then 100 * 25/100 = 25 pests died. So, before 25% of the pests died, there were 100 pests. And after 25% died, there were 100 - 25 = 75 pests left. Next, let's find out how many pests were sent for medical examination. If 40% of the 75 pests that were left were sent for medical examination, then 75 * 40/100 = 30 pests were sent for medical examination. So, the number of pests remaining after some were sent for medical examination is 75 - 30 = 45 pests. Therefore, the answer is 45 pests.

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Food shortage can be minimized by improving agricultural practices and increasing food production. This can be achieved by implementing efficient pest control services, using modern techniques for crop cultivation, and providing farmers with the necessary resources and support. Additionally, reducing food waste and preventing hoarding of food supplies can also help to minimize food shortages. However, it's important to note that natural hazards such as droughts, floods, and extreme weather conditions can impact food production and lead to food shortages. The illegal exportation of farm produce can also contribute to food shortages in certain regions by reducing the available food supplies in those areas.

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The easiest method of determining soil texture in the field is by feeling. This method involves taking a sample of soil and using your fingers to feel the size and shape of the individual soil particles. Based on the size and shape of the soil particles, you can determine whether the soil is sand, silt, or clay. Sand is the largest soil particle and feels gritty. Silt is a medium-sized soil particle and feels smooth. Clay is the smallest soil particle and feels sticky. By determining the dominant soil particle size, you can determine the soil texture and classify the soil as sandy, silty, or clayey. This method is quick, simple, and does not require any special equipment, making it an easy way to determine soil texture in the field.

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Callosobruchus maculatus is a common pest of cowpea. Cowpea is a type of bean that is widely grown and consumed in many parts of the world. Callosobruchus maculatus is a tiny beetle that feeds on the seeds of the cowpea plant. This insect can cause serious damage to the crop, reducing the yield and quality of the beans. The beetle lays its eggs on the surface of the cowpea seeds, and when the eggs hatch, the larvae burrow into the seed and start feeding on it. This feeding can damage the seed and make it unviable, reducing the yield of the crop.

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The characteristic symptoms of mosaic disease of crops can be observed on the leaves of plants. This disease is caused by viruses and is characterized by the appearance of yellow or greenish-yellow patches or mottling on the leaves. The leaves may also become curled, stunted or distorted. This discoloration and distortion is referred to as the "mosaic" pattern, hence the name of the disease. The virus can spread quickly throughout the plant, affecting its overall growth and yield. In some cases, the fruits of the plant may also be affected.

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The main objectives of agriculture are food production, income generation, and provision of employment. Food production refers to the growing of crops and raising of livestock for the purpose of feeding people. Agriculture is the main source of food for most populations around the world and plays a crucial role in ensuring food security. Income generation refers to the use of agriculture as a means to earn money. This can be achieved through the sale of crops, livestock, and other agricultural products. Agriculture provides a source of livelihood for millions of people, particularly in rural areas. Provision of employment refers to the creation of job opportunities in the agricultural sector. This includes jobs in farming, processing, and other related industries. Agriculture can help to reduce unemployment, especially in areas where there are limited job opportunities. The objective of provision of shelter is not typically considered one of the main objectives of agriculture. Although, agriculture can play a role in providing materials for building homes, such as wood and other natural resources, the primary focus of agriculture is on food production, income generation, and employment.

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Root-knot disease of tomato is caused by a type of parasitic nematode. Nematodes are microscopic, worm-like organisms that can infect the roots of plants. In the case of root-knot disease of tomato, the nematodes feed on the roots of the plant, causing knots or galls to form. This can result in reduced growth, reduced yields, and in severe cases, death of the plant. The nematodes can survive in the soil for long periods of time and they can infect a wide range of plants, including tomatoes, peppers, melons, and many others. To control root-knot disease, it is important to practice good crop rotation, avoid planting susceptible crops in infested soil, and use nematicides if necessary.

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The most versatile source of farm power in West Africa is likely to be animal power, specifically using oxen or cattle to plow fields and perform other tasks. In many rural areas of West Africa, access to electricity and other modern sources of energy is limited, making it difficult to use more technologically advanced methods like biogas, wind, or water power. However, animals such as oxen or cattle are readily available and can be trained to perform a wide range of tasks on the farm. In addition, animal power is flexible and can be used for a variety of purposes, including plowing, transportation, and even as a source of fertilizer. This versatility makes animal power a valuable asset for farmers in West Africa.

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Layer's ration contains more limestone than grower's ration because limestone supplies sufficient minerals to layers for shell formation. Layers are chickens that are specifically raised for egg production, while growers are chickens that are raised for meat production. The composition of the feed for these two types of chickens is different, with layer's ration containing more calcium in the form of limestone. Calcium is an essential mineral for the formation of eggshells, and it is important for layers to have a constant supply of calcium in their diet. The higher level of limestone in layer's ration helps to ensure that the layers have access to the calcium they need for strong and healthy eggshells. On the other hand, growers do not require as much calcium in their diet as layers, so their ration contains less limestone.

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Slate is formed from shale. Shale is a fine-grained sedimentary rock composed of compacted mud and clay. Over time, heat and pressure cause the minerals in the shale to recrystallize, resulting in the formation of slate. The new rock has a fine-grained texture and is relatively dense and strong, making it useful for roofing, flooring, and other applications. Unlike marble, quartzite, and limestone, slate is not a metamorphic rock, but rather a sedimentary rock that has undergone a specific type of metamorphism.

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The amount of nitrogen in a 25kg bag of urea fertilizer can be calculated by multiplying the total weight of the bag by the percentage of nitrogen in the fertilizer. Since the urea fertilizer contains 46% nitrogen, we can express this as a decimal: 46% = 0.46. Next, we multiply the total weight of the bag (25kg) by the decimal equivalent of the nitrogen content (0.46): 25kg * 0.46 = 11.5kg So, a 25kg bag of urea fertilizer contains approximately 11.5kg of nitrogen.

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The alternate heating and cooling of rocks can result in a process called thermal stress. When rocks are subjected to changes in temperature, the different layers of the rock expand and contract at different rates. This can cause stress on the rock and over time, it can lead to cracking and breaking, a process known as fragmentation. This can happen as a result of volcanic activity, tectonic activity, or weathering and erosion. The rocks can also undergo cycles of heating and cooling and this can result in the formation of fractures and joints. In some cases, the heat can be so intense that it causes the rocks to melt, resulting in the formation of magma and new igneous rocks.

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The correct answer is: Igneous rock. Igneous rock is a type of rock that forms from the solidification of magma or lava. Magma is molten rock that is found underneath the Earth's crust. When the magma rises to the surface and cools down, it solidifies into a rock that we call igneous rock. Examples of igneous rocks include granite, basalt, and pumice. Metamorphic rock, on the other hand, is a type of rock that forms from the alteration of existing rocks due to heat, pressure, and/or chemical processes. These rocks are transformed from one type of rock into another. Sedimentary rock is a type of rock that forms from the accumulation and compression of sediment, such as sand, mud, and other organic materials. These rocks are often found in layers and can contain fossils. Caleima rock is not a recognized type of rock.

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The hormone responsible for milk let down in female farm animals is oxytocin. Oxytocin is produced by the pituitary gland and is released into the bloodstream when the animal is ready to nurse its young or be milked. When oxytocin is released, it stimulates the contraction of the muscles in the mammary glands, causing the milk to flow from the teat. This hormone plays a crucial role in the lactation process and is essential for providing nourishment to the young in many species of mammals, including cows, goats, and sheep. The release of oxytocin can also be triggered by the stimulation of the teats, such as when a calf or kid suckles or when a milker applies a milking machine to the teat, making it a key player in the dairy industry.

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Financial assistance from the government to farmers is usually in the form of loans, credits, and subsidies. These forms of financial support are intended to help farmers purchase necessary equipment, improve their farming practices, and increase their food production. However, financial assistance in the form of tax is not typically offered to farmers. Tax is a financial obligation that must be paid by individuals and businesses, including farmers, to the government. Tax is not considered a form of financial assistance as it is not intended to provide financial support to the taxpayer. Instead, tax is used to fund various government services and programs.

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The gestation period is the time between conception and parturition. Gestation is the period of pregnancy in mammals, during which a fertilized egg develops into a fetus and prepares for birth. The gestation period is the length of time from when the sperm fertilizes the egg to when the animal gives birth. This period can vary greatly among different species, ranging from a few weeks in some small mammals to over a year in elephants and whales. The time of fusion of the sperm and the egg is referred to as fertilization. The time of release of the ovum from the ovary is referred to as ovulation. The time of birth of the young animal is referred to as parturition.

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An increase in supply of agricultural produce can be caused by a variety of factors such as reduced cost of production, favorable weather conditions, and reduced taxation. However, the factor that does not contribute to an increase in supply is consumers buying less products. When consumers buy less products, it creates a surplus of the unsold produce and reduces demand for it. When demand for a product decreases, the market price for the product decreases as well, which can lead to a reduction in the supply of that product. In this case, the decrease in consumer demand would actually lead to a decrease in the supply of agricultural produce, rather than an increase.

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IITA stands for International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. It is an international research organization that focuses on agricultural development in tropical regions, particularly in Africa. The goal of IITA is to help farmers in these areas improve their yields and livelihoods by providing them with better seeds, technologies, and knowledge. The institute conducts research and development work in various areas of agriculture, including plant breeding, crop production, and agroforestry. It works with government agencies, universities, and other organizations to help farmers in tropical regions grow more food and improve their lives.