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Question 1 Report
(a) Name the five main regions of the vertebral column of a sheep.
(b) State one specialized function of each of the regions of the vertebral column of a sheep.
(c) Explain each of the following terms as used in Animal husbandry:
(i) lactation;
(ii) Rumination.
1 (a) Main regions of the vertebral column of a sheep
(b) Specialized functions of the regions of the vertebral column of a sheep
Cervical/neck region: Allows head movement in all directions/supports the head
Thoracic/chest region: Site of attachment of the ribs/supports the ribs
Lumbar/abdominal region: Site of attachment of apaxial muscles and muscles for breathing/supports the abdominal region
Sacral/pelvic region: Site of attachment of hind limbs/pelvic girdle
Coccygeal/caudal/tail region: Site for insertion of the muscles that move the tail / supports the tail
(c) (i) Lactation describes the secretion of milk from the mammary glands and the period of time that a mother lactates to feed her young.
(ii) Rumination or cud-chewing is the process by which the cow regurgitates previously consumed feed and chews it further
Answer Details
1 (a) Main regions of the vertebral column of a sheep
(b) Specialized functions of the regions of the vertebral column of a sheep
Cervical/neck region: Allows head movement in all directions/supports the head
Thoracic/chest region: Site of attachment of the ribs/supports the ribs
Lumbar/abdominal region: Site of attachment of apaxial muscles and muscles for breathing/supports the abdominal region
Sacral/pelvic region: Site of attachment of hind limbs/pelvic girdle
Coccygeal/caudal/tail region: Site for insertion of the muscles that move the tail / supports the tail
(c) (i) Lactation describes the secretion of milk from the mammary glands and the period of time that a mother lactates to feed her young.
(ii) Rumination or cud-chewing is the process by which the cow regurgitates previously consumed feed and chews it further
Question 2 Report
a) List three equipment used on a dairy farm.
b) Outline the steps involved in the pasteurization of milk.
c) State four roles of each of the following agents in the marketing of animal products:
(i) wholesaler;
(ii) retailer.
d) State three advantages of each of the following agents involved in the marketing of animal products:
(i) marketing boards;
(ii) co-operative societies.
(a) Equipment used on a dairy farm;
(b) Steps involved in the pasteurization of milk;
(c) Roles of agents in the marketing of animal products;
Retailer
(d) Advantages of agents in the marketing of animal products;
(ii) Co-operative societies
Answer Details
(a) Equipment used on a dairy farm;
(b) Steps involved in the pasteurization of milk;
(c) Roles of agents in the marketing of animal products;
Retailer
(d) Advantages of agents in the marketing of animal products;
(ii) Co-operative societies
Question 3 Report
(a). State six ways in which diseases could be controlled in sheep production.
(b). Give three ways in which decreased feed intake of the flock of sheep could be improved.
(c). Explain each of the following methods of animal improvement. i. introduction; ii. selection; iii. breeding
(d). State five aims of animal improvement
(a) Ways of controlling diseases in sheep production -Isolation of affected sheep. - Treatment of affected sheep. - Follow the required vaccination regimes regularly. -Quarantine new stocks before they are introduced on the farm. - Ensure proper sanitary/hygienic conditions on the farm. -Ensure proper biosecurity/provision of footbath. -Avoid the flock straying away from the farm or mixing up with the flock from other farms. -Avoid stray animals on the farm. – Restrict a number of visitors on the farm. -Dispose of dead animals/carcasses properly. - Avoid overcrowding in pens. - Provide clean and adequate water regularly. - Discard leftover/ contaminated feed properly. - Provide good housing. - Proper feeding. -Discard leftover water properly.
(b). Ways of improvising decreased feed intake of the flock sheep. - Provision of a balanced diet. - Regular disease control. -Regular pest control. - Provision of clean and adequate water. - Provide acceptable feed (feedstuff). Supply of salt/mineral needs. Controlled stocking. - Adequate sanitation. - Use of feed additives. Ensure adequate ventilation. - Increase vitamin content in the diet/water. -Allow enough space for exercise. -Deworming. -Offer varieties of feed.
(c). Explanation of method of Animal Improvement i. Introduction: This involves bringing breeds of animals with superior and desirable characters (traits) from another farm into the farmer's farm. ii. Selection: This involves the deliberate choosing of animals with superior traits from a mixed population, for breeding. iii. Breeding: Breeding involves the transfer of desirable traits to offspring through mating of animals or other breeding methods.
(d). Aims of animal improvement - High reproductive efficiency. productivity/high yield.- Good mothering ability. - Cool temperament/ ease of handling. – High libido. - Resistance to pests. - Resistance to diseases. - High adaptability/adaptation to harsh environmental conditions. Improved quality of produce, - Improved growth rate, and early maturity. - Produce animals with high feed conversion efficiency
Answer Details
(a) Ways of controlling diseases in sheep production -Isolation of affected sheep. - Treatment of affected sheep. - Follow the required vaccination regimes regularly. -Quarantine new stocks before they are introduced on the farm. - Ensure proper sanitary/hygienic conditions on the farm. -Ensure proper biosecurity/provision of footbath. -Avoid the flock straying away from the farm or mixing up with the flock from other farms. -Avoid stray animals on the farm. – Restrict a number of visitors on the farm. -Dispose of dead animals/carcasses properly. - Avoid overcrowding in pens. - Provide clean and adequate water regularly. - Discard leftover/ contaminated feed properly. - Provide good housing. - Proper feeding. -Discard leftover water properly.
(b). Ways of improvising decreased feed intake of the flock sheep. - Provision of a balanced diet. - Regular disease control. -Regular pest control. - Provision of clean and adequate water. - Provide acceptable feed (feedstuff). Supply of salt/mineral needs. Controlled stocking. - Adequate sanitation. - Use of feed additives. Ensure adequate ventilation. - Increase vitamin content in the diet/water. -Allow enough space for exercise. -Deworming. -Offer varieties of feed.
(c). Explanation of method of Animal Improvement i. Introduction: This involves bringing breeds of animals with superior and desirable characters (traits) from another farm into the farmer's farm. ii. Selection: This involves the deliberate choosing of animals with superior traits from a mixed population, for breeding. iii. Breeding: Breeding involves the transfer of desirable traits to offspring through mating of animals or other breeding methods.
(d). Aims of animal improvement - High reproductive efficiency. productivity/high yield.- Good mothering ability. - Cool temperament/ ease of handling. – High libido. - Resistance to pests. - Resistance to diseases. - High adaptability/adaptation to harsh environmental conditions. Improved quality of produce, - Improved growth rate, and early maturity. - Produce animals with high feed conversion efficiency
Question 4 Report
a) Mention five characteristics considered during selection of livestock for breeding.
b) State five characteristics of a Zebu cattle.
c) State five functions of water in farm animals.
d) List five nutritional disorders in farm animals
(a) Characteristics considered during selection of livestock for breeding;
(b) Characteristics of Zebu cattle;
(c) Functions of water in farm animals;
(d) Nutritional disorders in farm animals;
Answer Details
(a) Characteristics considered during selection of livestock for breeding;
(b) Characteristics of Zebu cattle;
(c) Functions of water in farm animals;
(d) Nutritional disorders in farm animals;
Question 5 Report
(a) Mention two organs each in each of the following parts of rabbit: (i) head; (ii) thorax; (i) abdomen.
(b) State one function of each of the following organs in farm animals: (i) caecum; (1) gizzard; (1) crop: (iv) rumen; (v) lung
(C) State six practical ways of checking malnutrition in livestock production.
(d) Mention three examples of non-traditional farm animals.
(a) Organs in Parts of Rabbit:
(i) Head: Tongue, Eye, ear, lips, teeth, nose/nostril, Mouth/oral cavity/buccal cavity, Brain, Skin, Hair, Skull
(ii) Thorax: Lung, Heart, Oesophagus, Trachea, Diaphragm, Thymus.
(iii) Abdomen: -Small intestine - Large intestine -Pancreas -Spleen, Bladder, Uterus, Fallopian tube/oviduct, Ovaries, Kidney, Liver, Stomach, Caecum, Colon
(b) Functions of Organs:
(i) Caecum:
(ii) Gizzard:
(ii) Crop:
(iv) Rumen:
(v) Lung:
(c) Practical Way of Checking Malnutrition in Livestock Production :
(d) Examples of Non-traditional farm animals. - Silkworm - Horse-Camel - Donkey -Quails -Grasscutter - Rabbit -Honey bees. -Geese Snail - Ducks -Guinea peas Pigeons.
Answer Details
(a) Organs in Parts of Rabbit:
(i) Head: Tongue, Eye, ear, lips, teeth, nose/nostril, Mouth/oral cavity/buccal cavity, Brain, Skin, Hair, Skull
(ii) Thorax: Lung, Heart, Oesophagus, Trachea, Diaphragm, Thymus.
(iii) Abdomen: -Small intestine - Large intestine -Pancreas -Spleen, Bladder, Uterus, Fallopian tube/oviduct, Ovaries, Kidney, Liver, Stomach, Caecum, Colon
(b) Functions of Organs:
(i) Caecum:
(ii) Gizzard:
(ii) Crop:
(iv) Rumen:
(v) Lung:
(c) Practical Way of Checking Malnutrition in Livestock Production :
(d) Examples of Non-traditional farm animals. - Silkworm - Horse-Camel - Donkey -Quails -Grasscutter - Rabbit -Honey bees. -Geese Snail - Ducks -Guinea peas Pigeons.
Question 6 Report
(a)i) Explain the term brooding as used in animal husbandry.
(ii) State four routine activities which are carried out in a brooder house.
(b) State four effects of parasites in livestock production.
(c) Mention four ways of controlling liver fluke in sheep production.
(d) Define the term artificial insemination as used in animal production.
(ii) State four advantages of artificial insemination in cattle production.
(a)i) Explanation of brooding as used in animal husbandry: lt is the provision of heat, feed, water medication, and protection for chicks/piglets in confinement from day old until they develop enough feathers/hairs.
(ii) Routine activities that are carried out in a brooder house:
- Provision of balanced diet/feed
- Provision of fresh and clean water.
- Provision of heat to chicks.
- Cleaning and washing of Water through.
- Removal and placement of litter.
- Vaccination/Medication.
- Culling of unproductive birds
- Separation of weak/injured birds from healthy flock.
- Ensure proper lighting especially at night
- Debeaking of birds at 6-8 weeks.
- Checking of inlet and outlet of pests
- Adjusting the hoover to make the chicks warm.
- Increasing the chick guard to make provision for growing chicks
- Ensure adequate ventilation
(b) Effects of parasite in livestock production:
- Cause diseases to animals vectors.
- Cause decline/decrease in productivity.
- Reduce the value of animal products/unattractive/market value
- Cause extra cost to farmer/reduce profit margin/reduced income.
- Cause stunted growth of animals/retarded growth.
- Cause anorexia/ loss of appetite.
- May cause the death of animals/coma.
- Block passage of food digestive tract.
- Cause restlessness.
- Loss of blood/causes anaemia
- Poor utilization of feed.
- Cause injury to animals.
- Farmers can be infested with the parasite.
(c) Ways of controlling liver fluke in sheep production:
- Destroy freshwater snails.
- Avoid grazing animals by riverside/Swampy area/water-logged areas.
- Proper drainage of water bodies.
- Deworm/drench animals with recommended drugs.
- Avoid wet pasture/early morning grazing.
- Practice rotational grazing/pasture management.
- Practice liming of pasture.
- Introduce ducks to swampy pasture/biological control
- Pasture rangeland burning.
(d)i. Definition of artificial insemination as used in animal production: It is the process by which sperm/semen is introduced in the female reproductive system of an animal on neat by means other than the use of natural mating
(ii) Advantages of artificial insemination:
- Use of Semen of proven bull to cross a wide range of cows
- Reduces the transfer of sexually transmitted diseases.
- Enables the use of semen of lame, but fertile proven male
- Semen held in cold storage can be used for many years.
- Semen can be transported worldwide.
- lt prevents the use of oversized males
- Allows farmers to plan/synchronize parturition of cows.
Answer Details
(a)i) Explanation of brooding as used in animal husbandry: lt is the provision of heat, feed, water medication, and protection for chicks/piglets in confinement from day old until they develop enough feathers/hairs.
(ii) Routine activities that are carried out in a brooder house:
- Provision of balanced diet/feed
- Provision of fresh and clean water.
- Provision of heat to chicks.
- Cleaning and washing of Water through.
- Removal and placement of litter.
- Vaccination/Medication.
- Culling of unproductive birds
- Separation of weak/injured birds from healthy flock.
- Ensure proper lighting especially at night
- Debeaking of birds at 6-8 weeks.
- Checking of inlet and outlet of pests
- Adjusting the hoover to make the chicks warm.
- Increasing the chick guard to make provision for growing chicks
- Ensure adequate ventilation
(b) Effects of parasite in livestock production:
- Cause diseases to animals vectors.
- Cause decline/decrease in productivity.
- Reduce the value of animal products/unattractive/market value
- Cause extra cost to farmer/reduce profit margin/reduced income.
- Cause stunted growth of animals/retarded growth.
- Cause anorexia/ loss of appetite.
- May cause the death of animals/coma.
- Block passage of food digestive tract.
- Cause restlessness.
- Loss of blood/causes anaemia
- Poor utilization of feed.
- Cause injury to animals.
- Farmers can be infested with the parasite.
(c) Ways of controlling liver fluke in sheep production:
- Destroy freshwater snails.
- Avoid grazing animals by riverside/Swampy area/water-logged areas.
- Proper drainage of water bodies.
- Deworm/drench animals with recommended drugs.
- Avoid wet pasture/early morning grazing.
- Practice rotational grazing/pasture management.
- Practice liming of pasture.
- Introduce ducks to swampy pasture/biological control
- Pasture rangeland burning.
(d)i. Definition of artificial insemination as used in animal production: It is the process by which sperm/semen is introduced in the female reproductive system of an animal on neat by means other than the use of natural mating
(ii) Advantages of artificial insemination:
- Use of Semen of proven bull to cross a wide range of cows
- Reduces the transfer of sexually transmitted diseases.
- Enables the use of semen of lame, but fertile proven male
- Semen held in cold storage can be used for many years.
- Semen can be transported worldwide.
- lt prevents the use of oversized males
- Allows farmers to plan/synchronize parturition of cows.
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