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Question 1 Report
(a)State one function each of the following parts of the nephron:
(i) glomerulus (ii)Bowman's capsule (iii)proximal convoluted tubule (iv) distal convoluted tubule
(b) Complete the table below.
| Organism | Structure for excretion | Form in which waste is excreted by organism |
| contractile vacuole | ||
| Flatworm | ||
| Earthworm | ||
| Cockroach | ||
| Human | Liquid | |
| Stomata pore |
(c) List five excretory products of plants.
Functions of the parts of the nephron
(a)(i)Glomerulus carries out ultrafiltration or it filters the blood passing through it.
(ii)Bowman's capsule receives blood plasma from the glomerulus and filters it to initiate urine formation.
(iii)Proximal convoluted tubule is responsible for reabsorbing most of the glucose, amino acids, and small peptides that enter the ultrafiltrate back into the bloodstream.
(iv)Distal convoluted tubule regulates electrolytes and water balance, and helps maintain pH.
(b)
| Organism | Structure for excretion | Form in which waste is excreted by organism |
| Amoeba/Paramecium | contractile vacuole | Gaseous/Liquid |
| Flatworm | Flame cell | Liquid |
| Earthworm | Nephridium | Liquid |
| Cockroach | Malpighian tubule | Solid |
| Human | Skin/kidney/lung | Liquid |
| Plants(Green) | Stomata pore | Gaseous |
(c) Excretory products of plants include the following:
Carbon dioxide, water vapor, oxygen, resins, gum, tannins, alkaloids, oils, and nitrogenous compounds.
Answer Details
Functions of the parts of the nephron
(a)(i)Glomerulus carries out ultrafiltration or it filters the blood passing through it.
(ii)Bowman's capsule receives blood plasma from the glomerulus and filters it to initiate urine formation.
(iii)Proximal convoluted tubule is responsible for reabsorbing most of the glucose, amino acids, and small peptides that enter the ultrafiltrate back into the bloodstream.
(iv)Distal convoluted tubule regulates electrolytes and water balance, and helps maintain pH.
(b)
| Organism | Structure for excretion | Form in which waste is excreted by organism |
| Amoeba/Paramecium | contractile vacuole | Gaseous/Liquid |
| Flatworm | Flame cell | Liquid |
| Earthworm | Nephridium | Liquid |
| Cockroach | Malpighian tubule | Solid |
| Human | Skin/kidney/lung | Liquid |
| Plants(Green) | Stomata pore | Gaseous |
(c) Excretory products of plants include the following:
Carbon dioxide, water vapor, oxygen, resins, gum, tannins, alkaloids, oils, and nitrogenous compounds.
Question 2 Report
SECTION B
a(i)What is competition?
(ii)List two types of competition.
(iii)List four factors that organisms compete for in a habitat.
(iv)Explain briefly the relationship between competition and succession.
b(i)What is structural adaptation?
(ii)State four types of structural adaptations in animals.
(c)List four features of variation in humans that are used in crime detection.
(d)Complete the table below by listing three types of adaptive colouration in animals and give one example each of animals that show the colourations.
| Three types of adaptive colouration in animals | One example of animal that show the type of colouration |
(e) Give three examples of plants found in a tropical Rainforest.
a(i) Competition is an interaction between organisms or species in which both require one or more resources that are in limited supply (such as food, water , space or territory).
(ii)two types of competition:
- intra-specific competition
- inter-specific competition
(iii) factors that organisms compete for in a habitat.
- Space
- food
- sunlight
- nutrient
- water
- mate
- inorganic substances
(iv)Relationship between Competition and Succession
Competition is a key driving force behind ecological succession, as the struggle for limited resources between different species leads to the replacement of less competitive species with more competitive ones, causing the community composition to change over time and progress through different stages of succession until a climax community is reached. For changes to occur in a community, there must be competition between the old population and the new one.
b(i)Structural adaptation
Structural adaptation refers to a physical characteristic of an organism that has evolved to help it survive in its environment, meaning it's a change in the organism's outward appearance or body structure that provides an advantage for its survival; examples include a giraffe's long neck for reaching high leaves, a duck's webbed feet for swimming, or a polar bear's thick fur for insulation in cold climates.
(ii) Types of structural adaptations in animals
- adaptation for offence and defence
- adaptation for securing mate/partner
- adaptation for feeding
- adaptation for water conservation
- adaptation for temperature control
(c) Features of variation in humans that are used in crime detection.
- DNA,
- Fingerprints,
- Blood groups
- Eye colour
- Facial expression
- Skin colour
- Peculiar body features and
- skeletal traits are used in crime detection.
(d)
| Three types of adaptive colouration in animals | One example of animal that show the type of colouration |
| Counter-shading/disruptive colouration | Fishes in water |
| Camouflage | Chameleon |
| Alluring Colouration | Carnivorous spider |
| Protective/cryptic colouration | Lizard, lady bird, green snakes in green grasses. |
| Mimicry | Grasshopper, Moth |
(e) Examples of plants found in a tropical Rainforest.
- Rubber tree
- Cacao tree
- Heliconia
- Passion flower
- Amazon water lily
- Orchids
- Mahogany
- Obeche
- Oil Palm tree
Answer Details
a(i) Competition is an interaction between organisms or species in which both require one or more resources that are in limited supply (such as food, water , space or territory).
(ii)two types of competition:
- intra-specific competition
- inter-specific competition
(iii) factors that organisms compete for in a habitat.
- Space
- food
- sunlight
- nutrient
- water
- mate
- inorganic substances
(iv)Relationship between Competition and Succession
Competition is a key driving force behind ecological succession, as the struggle for limited resources between different species leads to the replacement of less competitive species with more competitive ones, causing the community composition to change over time and progress through different stages of succession until a climax community is reached. For changes to occur in a community, there must be competition between the old population and the new one.
b(i)Structural adaptation
Structural adaptation refers to a physical characteristic of an organism that has evolved to help it survive in its environment, meaning it's a change in the organism's outward appearance or body structure that provides an advantage for its survival; examples include a giraffe's long neck for reaching high leaves, a duck's webbed feet for swimming, or a polar bear's thick fur for insulation in cold climates.
(ii) Types of structural adaptations in animals
- adaptation for offence and defence
- adaptation for securing mate/partner
- adaptation for feeding
- adaptation for water conservation
- adaptation for temperature control
(c) Features of variation in humans that are used in crime detection.
- DNA,
- Fingerprints,
- Blood groups
- Eye colour
- Facial expression
- Skin colour
- Peculiar body features and
- skeletal traits are used in crime detection.
(d)
| Three types of adaptive colouration in animals | One example of animal that show the type of colouration |
| Counter-shading/disruptive colouration | Fishes in water |
| Camouflage | Chameleon |
| Alluring Colouration | Carnivorous spider |
| Protective/cryptic colouration | Lizard, lady bird, green snakes in green grasses. |
| Mimicry | Grasshopper, Moth |
(e) Examples of plants found in a tropical Rainforest.
- Rubber tree
- Cacao tree
- Heliconia
- Passion flower
- Amazon water lily
- Orchids
- Mahogany
- Obeche
- Oil Palm tree
Question 3 Report
(a)A piece of raw meat was left in an uncovered bowl for seven days. Use the information to answer questions 3(a) and 3(b).
(i) State four likely changes that would be observed in the meat.
(ii) Name the biological process that led to the changes that are observed in the meat.
(iii)On the table below, list four methods of preserving meat to prevent it from the changes stated in 3a(i) and mention the principle involved in the methods.
| Four methods of preserving the meat | One principle involved in the preservation method |
(iv)Name two environmental factors that may be responsible for the changes in 3a(i)
(b) Name one method of preserving the following food items:
(i) dried maize grains; (ii) fresh tomatoes; (iii) vegetables; (iv) beans; (v) milk
a(i)four likely changes that would be observed in the meat.
- bad or offensive odour
- presence of maggot
- microbial growth
- colour change
- change in texture
(ii)The biological process that led to the changes that are observed in the meat is decay or putrefaction.
(iii)
| Four methods of preserving the meat |
One principle involved in the preservation method |
| Salting | Salt inhibits microbial growth or kills microorganisms by increasing the osmotic pressure in the meat |
| Frying | Involves the immersion of the meat in the boiling oil. It dehydrates the food and reduces microbial growth |
| Freezing | Reduces microbial growth by storing food at very low temperature. |
| Drying | Removal of moisture content in order to inhibit microbial growth. |
| Canning | Involves heating to destroy microorganisms |
(iv)Environmental factors that may be responsible for decay
- Moisture content
- Temperature
- Humidity
- Oxygen
(b) Method of preserving
(i)Dried maize grain: Store in jute bag; sun drying; storage chemical treatment; pack in silos barn
(ii)Fresh tomatoes: Canning; drying; freezing
(iii)Vegetables: refrigeration; drying; curing
(iv)Beans: Low humid container; chemical treatment; sun drying
(v)Milk: Pasteurizatio;canning
Answer Details
a(i)four likely changes that would be observed in the meat.
- bad or offensive odour
- presence of maggot
- microbial growth
- colour change
- change in texture
(ii)The biological process that led to the changes that are observed in the meat is decay or putrefaction.
(iii)
| Four methods of preserving the meat |
One principle involved in the preservation method |
| Salting | Salt inhibits microbial growth or kills microorganisms by increasing the osmotic pressure in the meat |
| Frying | Involves the immersion of the meat in the boiling oil. It dehydrates the food and reduces microbial growth |
| Freezing | Reduces microbial growth by storing food at very low temperature. |
| Drying | Removal of moisture content in order to inhibit microbial growth. |
| Canning | Involves heating to destroy microorganisms |
(iv)Environmental factors that may be responsible for decay
- Moisture content
- Temperature
- Humidity
- Oxygen
(b) Method of preserving
(i)Dried maize grain: Store in jute bag; sun drying; storage chemical treatment; pack in silos barn
(ii)Fresh tomatoes: Canning; drying; freezing
(iii)Vegetables: refrigeration; drying; curing
(iv)Beans: Low humid container; chemical treatment; sun drying
(v)Milk: Pasteurizatio;canning
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