WAEC SSCE - Agricultural Science - 2022 (Essay)
Question 1 Report
(a) Explain each of the following terms as used in animal nutrition: (i) balanced diet; (ii) maintenance ration; (iii) production ration; (iv) malnutrition.
(b) State six effects of malnutrition on farm animals.
(c) Mention four nursery practices in the production of tomatoes.
(a) (i) Balanced diet: A balanced diet is a type of diet that contains all the essential nutrients in the right proportions to meet the nutritional requirements of an animal for normal growth and development. The essential nutrients include carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water.
(ii) Maintenance ration: A maintenance ration is the amount of feed an animal requires to maintain its body weight and meet its basic metabolic needs such as breathing, heartbeats, and body temperature.
(iii) Production ration: A production ration is the amount of feed an animal requires to produce milk, eggs, meat, wool, or any other product that the animal is raised for.
(iv) Malnutrition: Malnutrition is a condition that arises when an animal's diet lacks the essential nutrients required for proper growth and development.
(b) The effects of malnutrition on farm animals include:
(i) Poor growth and development
(ii) Reduced resistance to diseases
(iii) Reduced reproductive performance
(iv) Poor meat or milk quality
(v) Decreased feed efficiency
(vi) Increased susceptibility to environmental stressors
(c) Four nursery practices in the production of tomatoes are:
(i) Seed selection: Use only high-quality seeds from reliable sources to ensure good germination rates and healthy seedlings.
(ii) Seedbed preparation: Prepare the seedbed by loosening the soil, removing weeds and rocks, and adding organic matter to improve soil fertility.
(iii) Watering: Water the seedlings regularly and evenly to prevent water stress and promote healthy growth. (iv) Fertilization: Apply fertilizers, preferably organic, to provide essential nutrients for healthy growth and development.
Answer Details
(a) (i) Balanced diet: A balanced diet is a type of diet that contains all the essential nutrients in the right proportions to meet the nutritional requirements of an animal for normal growth and development. The essential nutrients include carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water.
(ii) Maintenance ration: A maintenance ration is the amount of feed an animal requires to maintain its body weight and meet its basic metabolic needs such as breathing, heartbeats, and body temperature.
(iii) Production ration: A production ration is the amount of feed an animal requires to produce milk, eggs, meat, wool, or any other product that the animal is raised for.
(iv) Malnutrition: Malnutrition is a condition that arises when an animal's diet lacks the essential nutrients required for proper growth and development.
(b) The effects of malnutrition on farm animals include:
(i) Poor growth and development
(ii) Reduced resistance to diseases
(iii) Reduced reproductive performance
(iv) Poor meat or milk quality
(v) Decreased feed efficiency
(vi) Increased susceptibility to environmental stressors
(c) Four nursery practices in the production of tomatoes are:
(i) Seed selection: Use only high-quality seeds from reliable sources to ensure good germination rates and healthy seedlings.
(ii) Seedbed preparation: Prepare the seedbed by loosening the soil, removing weeds and rocks, and adding organic matter to improve soil fertility.
(iii) Watering: Water the seedlings regularly and evenly to prevent water stress and promote healthy growth. (iv) Fertilization: Apply fertilizers, preferably organic, to provide essential nutrients for healthy growth and development.
Question 2 Report
(b) A crop farmer observed that the leaves of the orange plants on the farm turned purple with most of the immature fruits dropping. (i) ldentify the nutrient deficient in the orange plants. (ii) List four inorganic fertilizers that could correct the nutrient deficiency observed in the orange plants.
(c) Name five materials that could be used to attract bees to a new beehive.
(a) - Monocropping: This is a cropping system in which only one crop is grown on a piece of land at a time. It involves planting the same crop in the same field year after year. This system is efficient for large-scale farming, easy to manage, and allows for the use of large machinery.
- Mixed cropping: This is a cropping system in which two or more crops are grown on the same piece of land at the same time. The crops grown are usually complementary in nature, meaning they do not compete for the same nutrients and other resources. This system is beneficial because it reduces the risk of crop failure due to pests, diseases or adverse weather conditions.
- Mixed farming: This is an agricultural system that combines crop farming with animal husbandry. The farmer grows crops and raises animals on the same piece of land. The crops provide feed for the animals, while the animals provide manure for the crops. This system is beneficial because it allows for the efficient use of resources and provides a diversified source of income for the farmer.
- Crop rotation: This is a cropping system in which different crops are grown on the same piece of land in a specific sequence over a period of time. This system helps to maintain soil fertility, reduce soil erosion, and control pests and diseases. It involves rotating crops with different nutrient requirements and growth patterns, to ensure that the soil remains healthy and productive.
(b) (i) The orange plants are deficient in phosphorus.
(ii) Four inorganic fertilizers that could correct the nutrient deficiency in the orange plants are: triple superphosphate, single superphosphate, diammonium phosphate, and ammonium phosphate. These fertilizers are rich in phosphorus, which is essential for plant growth and development.
(c) Five materials that could be used to attract bees to a new beehive are: sugar syrup, pollen, honey, beeswax, and pheromones. Sugar syrup is used to provide a source of energy for the bees, pollen and honey are used to attract foragers, beeswax is used to provide a familiar scent and pheromones are used to signal the presence of a new hive to other bees.
Answer Details
(a) - Monocropping: This is a cropping system in which only one crop is grown on a piece of land at a time. It involves planting the same crop in the same field year after year. This system is efficient for large-scale farming, easy to manage, and allows for the use of large machinery.
- Mixed cropping: This is a cropping system in which two or more crops are grown on the same piece of land at the same time. The crops grown are usually complementary in nature, meaning they do not compete for the same nutrients and other resources. This system is beneficial because it reduces the risk of crop failure due to pests, diseases or adverse weather conditions.
- Mixed farming: This is an agricultural system that combines crop farming with animal husbandry. The farmer grows crops and raises animals on the same piece of land. The crops provide feed for the animals, while the animals provide manure for the crops. This system is beneficial because it allows for the efficient use of resources and provides a diversified source of income for the farmer.
- Crop rotation: This is a cropping system in which different crops are grown on the same piece of land in a specific sequence over a period of time. This system helps to maintain soil fertility, reduce soil erosion, and control pests and diseases. It involves rotating crops with different nutrient requirements and growth patterns, to ensure that the soil remains healthy and productive.
(b) (i) The orange plants are deficient in phosphorus.
(ii) Four inorganic fertilizers that could correct the nutrient deficiency in the orange plants are: triple superphosphate, single superphosphate, diammonium phosphate, and ammonium phosphate. These fertilizers are rich in phosphorus, which is essential for plant growth and development.
(c) Five materials that could be used to attract bees to a new beehive are: sugar syrup, pollen, honey, beeswax, and pheromones. Sugar syrup is used to provide a source of energy for the bees, pollen and honey are used to attract foragers, beeswax is used to provide a familiar scent and pheromones are used to signal the presence of a new hive to other bees.
Question 3 Report
(a) State five reasons why the government should enact laws to regulate the use of land for agriculture.
(b) A cocoa farmer has just acquired 10 hectares of farmland and is considering the type of farm power to use for tillage operations.
(i) Advise the farmer on the most appropriate type of farm power to use.
(ii) State four reasons for the answer in
(c) Mention one function of each of the following parts of a seed planter:
(i) seed tube; (ii) furrow opener, (iii) hopper (iv) seed metering device (v) furrow wheel
(d) List three machines used in processing crops after harvesting.
(a) Five reasons why the government should enact laws to regulate the use of land for agriculture are:
1. Environmental protection: Agriculture practices can have significant impacts on the environment, including soil erosion, pollution of waterways, and loss of biodiversity. Laws can ensure that farming practices are conducted in a sustainable manner that minimizes harm to the environment.
2. Food safety: Laws can ensure that the food produced by farmers is safe for human consumption by regulating the use of pesticides, herbicides, and other chemicals.
3. Land use planning: Laws can help to ensure that land is used efficiently and that there is enough land available for agriculture.
4. Animal welfare: Laws can regulate the treatment of animals on farms to ensure that they are treated humanely.
5. Economic benefits: Laws can create a level playing field for farmers by regulating the use of subsidies, price controls, and other measures that can distort markets.
(b) (i) The most appropriate type of farm power to use for tillage operations on a 10-hectare cocoa farm is a tractor.
(ii) Four reasons for using a tractor for tillage operations on a cocoa farm are:
1. Efficiency: Tractors are faster and more efficient than manual labor or animal-drawn implements, allowing the farmer to cover more ground in less time.
2. Power: Tractors have greater power and traction than animal-drawn implements, allowing them to work in tougher conditions and handle heavier loads.
3. Versatility: Tractors can be used for a range of farming operations beyond tillage, including planting, spraying, and harvesting.
4. Cost-effectiveness: Tractors can be expensive to purchase or hire, but their increased efficiency and productivity can lead to long-term cost savings for the farmer.
(c) One function of each of the following parts of a seed planter are:
(i) Seed tube: The seed tube delivers the seed to the furrow created by the furrow opener.
(ii) Furrow opener: The furrow opener creates a shallow trench in the soil for the seed to be planted in.
(iii) Hopper: The hopper holds the seed until it is dropped into the furrow by the seed metering device.
(iv) Seed metering device: The seed metering device measures out the correct amount of seed to be dropped into the furrow.
(v) Furrow wheel: The furrow wheel closes the furrow over the seed after it has been planted.
(d) Three machines used in processing crops after harvesting are:
1. Combine harvester: A machine that cuts, threshes, and cleans grain crops such as wheat, barley, and corn.
2. Thresher: A machine that separates grain from the straw and chaff of cereal crops such as rice, wheat, and oats.
3. Winnowing machine: A machine that separates the grain from the chaff by blowing air over the mixture, allowing the lighter chaff to be blown away while the heavier grain falls to the ground.
Answer Details
(a) Five reasons why the government should enact laws to regulate the use of land for agriculture are:
1. Environmental protection: Agriculture practices can have significant impacts on the environment, including soil erosion, pollution of waterways, and loss of biodiversity. Laws can ensure that farming practices are conducted in a sustainable manner that minimizes harm to the environment.
2. Food safety: Laws can ensure that the food produced by farmers is safe for human consumption by regulating the use of pesticides, herbicides, and other chemicals.
3. Land use planning: Laws can help to ensure that land is used efficiently and that there is enough land available for agriculture.
4. Animal welfare: Laws can regulate the treatment of animals on farms to ensure that they are treated humanely.
5. Economic benefits: Laws can create a level playing field for farmers by regulating the use of subsidies, price controls, and other measures that can distort markets.
(b) (i) The most appropriate type of farm power to use for tillage operations on a 10-hectare cocoa farm is a tractor.
(ii) Four reasons for using a tractor for tillage operations on a cocoa farm are:
1. Efficiency: Tractors are faster and more efficient than manual labor or animal-drawn implements, allowing the farmer to cover more ground in less time.
2. Power: Tractors have greater power and traction than animal-drawn implements, allowing them to work in tougher conditions and handle heavier loads.
3. Versatility: Tractors can be used for a range of farming operations beyond tillage, including planting, spraying, and harvesting.
4. Cost-effectiveness: Tractors can be expensive to purchase or hire, but their increased efficiency and productivity can lead to long-term cost savings for the farmer.
(c) One function of each of the following parts of a seed planter are:
(i) Seed tube: The seed tube delivers the seed to the furrow created by the furrow opener.
(ii) Furrow opener: The furrow opener creates a shallow trench in the soil for the seed to be planted in.
(iii) Hopper: The hopper holds the seed until it is dropped into the furrow by the seed metering device.
(iv) Seed metering device: The seed metering device measures out the correct amount of seed to be dropped into the furrow.
(v) Furrow wheel: The furrow wheel closes the furrow over the seed after it has been planted.
(d) Three machines used in processing crops after harvesting are:
1. Combine harvester: A machine that cuts, threshes, and cleans grain crops such as wheat, barley, and corn.
2. Thresher: A machine that separates grain from the straw and chaff of cereal crops such as rice, wheat, and oats.
3. Winnowing machine: A machine that separates the grain from the chaff by blowing air over the mixture, allowing the lighter chaff to be blown away while the heavier grain falls to the ground.
Question 4 Report
(a) ldentify specimens G, H and I.
(b) Give two observable physical properties of each.
(c) State two main nutrients supplied by each of the specimens H and l.
(d) State two methods of application of specimen G on the field.
(a) Specimen G is NPK or compound fertilizer Specimen H is wood ash and Specimen D is animal dung.
(b) The observable physical properties of the specimens are: Specimen G = NPK Hygroscopic. (i) The specimen is hard to touch, i:e; it is solid and strong. (ii) It is granular in nature and (iii) It is grey in colour and odourless.
Specimen H wood ash
(i) It is grey in colour. (ii) It is smooth and velvety to touch (iii) It is powdery in form (iv) It is dry and odourless.
Specimen D animal dung (i) It is dark brown or black in colour (ii) It has bad odour. (iii) It is bulky in nature. (iv) It is always sticky and soft in its fresh form.
(c)The major nutrients supplied by the specimen are: Specimen G-N, - P-K, Specimen I-N,-P,-K.
(d) The methods of applying specimen H on the field are: (i) It can be spread on the farm before ploughing. (ii) It can be put in holes, before planting (iii) It can be placed at the base of the plant stem. (iv) It can be allowed to be in rows before ridging etc.
Answer Details
(a) Specimen G is NPK or compound fertilizer Specimen H is wood ash and Specimen D is animal dung.
(b) The observable physical properties of the specimens are: Specimen G = NPK Hygroscopic. (i) The specimen is hard to touch, i:e; it is solid and strong. (ii) It is granular in nature and (iii) It is grey in colour and odourless.
Specimen H wood ash
(i) It is grey in colour. (ii) It is smooth and velvety to touch (iii) It is powdery in form (iv) It is dry and odourless.
Specimen D animal dung (i) It is dark brown or black in colour (ii) It has bad odour. (iii) It is bulky in nature. (iv) It is always sticky and soft in its fresh form.
(c)The major nutrients supplied by the specimen are: Specimen G-N, - P-K, Specimen I-N,-P,-K.
(d) The methods of applying specimen H on the field are: (i) It can be spread on the farm before ploughing. (ii) It can be put in holes, before planting (iii) It can be placed at the base of the plant stem. (iv) It can be allowed to be in rows before ridging etc.
Question 5 Report
The table below illustrates a basic economic principle in agriculture. Use it to answer questions 6(a) to 6(a)(iii)
| Quality of fertilizer used (bag | Tomato yield (kg) |
| 0 | 2 |
| 2 | 6 |
| 4 | 9 |
| 6 | 11 |
| 8 | 10 |
| 10 | 5 |
| 12 | 4 |
(a)(i) On the graph sheet provided, plot a graph showing the relationship between fertilizer used and tomato yield. Use a scale of 2 cm to 2 units on the x-axis and 2 cm to 2 units on the y-axis.
(ii) Describe the relationship between the fertilizer used and tomato yield.
(iii) Suggest the most appropriate quantity of fertilizer to be applied on the tomato farm.
(b) State three effects of subsidy withdrawal on agricultural production.
(c) List four print media that could be used to disseminate information about a new variety of maize to farmers.
(d) Name two insect pests each of the following crops: (i) maize; (ii) orange.
(a)(i)
(a)(ii) The graph shows a positive correlation between the quantity of fertilizer used and the yield of tomatoes. As the quantity of fertilizer used increases, the yield of tomatoes also increases.
(a)(iii) From the graph, the most appropriate quantity of fertilizer to be applied on the tomato farm would be around 5 bags, as this is the point where the yield of tomatoes is at its maximum.
(b) Three effects of subsidy withdrawal on agricultural production are: reduced farm income, increased input costs, and reduced productivity.
(c) Four print media that could be used to disseminate information about a new variety of maize to farmers are: newspapers, farming magazines, flyers/brochures, and posters.
(d) Two insect pests of maize are: fall armyworm and maize weevil.
Two insect pests of orange are: citrus whitefly and orange fruit borer.
Answer Details
(a)(i)
(a)(ii) The graph shows a positive correlation between the quantity of fertilizer used and the yield of tomatoes. As the quantity of fertilizer used increases, the yield of tomatoes also increases.
(a)(iii) From the graph, the most appropriate quantity of fertilizer to be applied on the tomato farm would be around 5 bags, as this is the point where the yield of tomatoes is at its maximum.
(b) Three effects of subsidy withdrawal on agricultural production are: reduced farm income, increased input costs, and reduced productivity.
(c) Four print media that could be used to disseminate information about a new variety of maize to farmers are: newspapers, farming magazines, flyers/brochures, and posters.
(d) Two insect pests of maize are: fall armyworm and maize weevil.
Two insect pests of orange are: citrus whitefly and orange fruit borer.
Question 6 Report
(a) Complete the table below
| Crop | Botanical name | Classification based on use | Method of propagate |
| Onion | |||
| Ginger | |||
| Jute |
(b) A poultry farmer plans to rear broilers in a deep litter house measuring 36m long and 10m wide. If a floor space of 0.36m² per adult chicken is recommended for broiler production, calculate the number of broilers that the farmer can rear.
(c) State five advantages of introducing legumes in a pasture
(a)
(b) The area of the deep litter house is: Area = length x width Area = 36m x 10m Area = 360m² To calculate the number of broilers that can be reared, we need to divide the total area by the recommended floor space per chicken:
Number of broilers = Area / floor space per chicken
Number of broilers = 360m² / 0.36m²
Number of broilers = 1000 broilers
Therefore, the farmer can rear 1000 broilers in the deep litter house.
(c) The advantages of introducing legumes in a pasture include: 1. Nitrogen fixation: Legumes have the ability to fix nitrogen from the air and make it available to other plants in the pasture, which can reduce the need for nitrogen fertilizers.
2. Improved soil fertility: Legumes can improve soil fertility by adding organic matter to the soil and increasing the availability of nutrients.
3. Increased animal productivity: Legumes can provide high-quality forage for grazing animals, which can improve their growth rates and milk production.
4. Weed control: Legumes can compete with weeds for resources, reducing the need for herbicides.
5. Cost-effective: Legumes can be a cost-effective way to improve pasture productivity and reduce the need for expensive inputs like fertilizers and herbicides.
Answer Details
(a)
(b) The area of the deep litter house is: Area = length x width Area = 36m x 10m Area = 360m² To calculate the number of broilers that can be reared, we need to divide the total area by the recommended floor space per chicken:
Number of broilers = Area / floor space per chicken
Number of broilers = 360m² / 0.36m²
Number of broilers = 1000 broilers
Therefore, the farmer can rear 1000 broilers in the deep litter house.
(c) The advantages of introducing legumes in a pasture include: 1. Nitrogen fixation: Legumes have the ability to fix nitrogen from the air and make it available to other plants in the pasture, which can reduce the need for nitrogen fertilizers.
2. Improved soil fertility: Legumes can improve soil fertility by adding organic matter to the soil and increasing the availability of nutrients.
3. Increased animal productivity: Legumes can provide high-quality forage for grazing animals, which can improve their growth rates and milk production.
4. Weed control: Legumes can compete with weeds for resources, reducing the need for herbicides.
5. Cost-effective: Legumes can be a cost-effective way to improve pasture productivity and reduce the need for expensive inputs like fertilizers and herbicides.
Question 7 Report
(a) Explain four causes of damage to maize during storage.
(b) Two heterozygous tall plants, Tt, were crossed in an experiment. Using a genetic diagram, (i) show the possible offspring that could result from the cross. (ii) determine the:
1. genotypic ratio of the offspring:
2. phenotypic ratio of the offspring.
(c) State Mendel's first and second laws of inheritance.
(d) Mention two forage grasses.
(a) The four causes of damage to maize during storage are:
- Insects and pests: Insects such as weevils, moths, and beetles can infest stored maize, causing damage to the kernels.
- Fungi: Fungi can grow on maize that is stored in damp conditions, causing mold and rot that can make the maize unfit for consumption.
- High moisture content: Maize that is stored with a high moisture content can become moldy, or can sprout, leading to spoilage and loss of quality.
- Physical damage: Maize can be damaged during storage due to rough handling, which can lead to broken kernels and reduced quality.
(b)
(i)
| T | t | |
|---|---|---|
| T | TT | Tt |
| t | Tt | tt |
(ii)
- Genotypic ratio: 1 TT : 2 Tt : 1 tt
- Phenotypic ratio: 3 tall : 1 short
(c)
Mendel's first law of inheritance, also known as the law of segregation, states that individuals inherit two copies of each gene, one from each parent, and that these copies segregate during gamete formation, so that each gamete carries only one copy of each gene.
Mendel's second law of inheritance, also known as the law of independent assortment, states that the inheritance of one gene does not affect the inheritance of another gene, as long as the genes are located on different chromosomes.
(d) Two forage grasses are:
- Timothy grass: Timothy grass is a cool-season grass that is commonly used for hay and grazing. It is known for its high yield and nutritional value, and is often used for feeding livestock.
- Bermuda grass: Bermuda grass is a warm-season grass that is well-suited to hot, dry climates. It is often used for grazing, hay production, and erosion control, and is also used as turfgrass in lawns and athletic fields.
Answer Details
(a) The four causes of damage to maize during storage are:
- Insects and pests: Insects such as weevils, moths, and beetles can infest stored maize, causing damage to the kernels.
- Fungi: Fungi can grow on maize that is stored in damp conditions, causing mold and rot that can make the maize unfit for consumption.
- High moisture content: Maize that is stored with a high moisture content can become moldy, or can sprout, leading to spoilage and loss of quality.
- Physical damage: Maize can be damaged during storage due to rough handling, which can lead to broken kernels and reduced quality.
(b)
(i)
| T | t | |
|---|---|---|
| T | TT | Tt |
| t | Tt | tt |
(ii)
- Genotypic ratio: 1 TT : 2 Tt : 1 tt
- Phenotypic ratio: 3 tall : 1 short
(c)
Mendel's first law of inheritance, also known as the law of segregation, states that individuals inherit two copies of each gene, one from each parent, and that these copies segregate during gamete formation, so that each gamete carries only one copy of each gene.
Mendel's second law of inheritance, also known as the law of independent assortment, states that the inheritance of one gene does not affect the inheritance of another gene, as long as the genes are located on different chromosomes.
(d) Two forage grasses are:
- Timothy grass: Timothy grass is a cool-season grass that is commonly used for hay and grazing. It is known for its high yield and nutritional value, and is often used for feeding livestock.
- Bermuda grass: Bermuda grass is a warm-season grass that is well-suited to hot, dry climates. It is often used for grazing, hay production, and erosion control, and is also used as turfgrass in lawns and athletic fields.
Question 8 Report
(a) State four effects of specimen E on farm animals
(b) Name the primary and intermediate host of specimen E,
(c) State three adaptive features of specimen F which enable it to survive in Its host
(d) State three control measures of each of specimens E and F in livestock management
(a) Four effects of specimen E on farm animals include:
- Reduced feed intake: Specimen E can cause a decrease in appetite and feed intake in infected animals, which can lead to weight loss and decreased productivity.
- Anemia: Infected animals may develop anemia due to the destruction of red blood cells by the parasite.
- Weakness and lethargy: Infected animals may become weak and lethargic, which can also impact their productivity.
- Death: In severe cases, specimen E can cause death in infected animals.
(b) The primary host of specimen E is the tsetse fly, and the intermediate host is the bloodstream of the infected animal.
(c) Three adaptive features of specimen F that enable it to survive in its host include:
- Ability to evade the immune system: Specimen F is able to evade the immune system of its host, allowing it to avoid detection and continue to thrive.
- High reproductive rate: Specimen F is able to reproduce quickly within its host, allowing it to establish a large population and compete with other microorganisms for resources.
- Ability to adapt to changing environments: Specimen F is able to adapt to changing conditions within its host, allowing it to survive in a range of different environments.
(d) Three control measures of specimen E in livestock management include:
- Use of insecticides: Tsetse flies can be controlled using insecticides, which can reduce the number of infected animals.
- Improved management practices: Improved management practices such as regular veterinary care, nutrition, and sanitation can help to reduce the impact of specimen E on livestock.
- Use of resistant breeds: Some breeds of livestock are resistant to the effects of specimen E and can be used to reduce the impact of the parasite on livestock populations.
Three control measures of specimen F in livestock management include:
- Use of antibiotics: Specimen F can be controlled using antibiotics, which can kill the microorganisms and reduce their impact on the host.
- Improved hygiene and sanitation: Improved hygiene and sanitation practices can help to reduce the spread of specimen F and other microorganisms in livestock populations.
- Use of vaccines: Vaccines can be used to protect livestock against specimen F and other microorganisms, reducing the impact of these parasites on livestock populations.
Answer Details
(a) Four effects of specimen E on farm animals include:
- Reduced feed intake: Specimen E can cause a decrease in appetite and feed intake in infected animals, which can lead to weight loss and decreased productivity.
- Anemia: Infected animals may develop anemia due to the destruction of red blood cells by the parasite.
- Weakness and lethargy: Infected animals may become weak and lethargic, which can also impact their productivity.
- Death: In severe cases, specimen E can cause death in infected animals.
(b) The primary host of specimen E is the tsetse fly, and the intermediate host is the bloodstream of the infected animal.
(c) Three adaptive features of specimen F that enable it to survive in its host include:
- Ability to evade the immune system: Specimen F is able to evade the immune system of its host, allowing it to avoid detection and continue to thrive.
- High reproductive rate: Specimen F is able to reproduce quickly within its host, allowing it to establish a large population and compete with other microorganisms for resources.
- Ability to adapt to changing environments: Specimen F is able to adapt to changing conditions within its host, allowing it to survive in a range of different environments.
(d) Three control measures of specimen E in livestock management include:
- Use of insecticides: Tsetse flies can be controlled using insecticides, which can reduce the number of infected animals.
- Improved management practices: Improved management practices such as regular veterinary care, nutrition, and sanitation can help to reduce the impact of specimen E on livestock.
- Use of resistant breeds: Some breeds of livestock are resistant to the effects of specimen E and can be used to reduce the impact of the parasite on livestock populations.
Three control measures of specimen F in livestock management include:
- Use of antibiotics: Specimen F can be controlled using antibiotics, which can kill the microorganisms and reduce their impact on the host.
- Improved hygiene and sanitation: Improved hygiene and sanitation practices can help to reduce the spread of specimen F and other microorganisms in livestock populations.
- Use of vaccines: Vaccines can be used to protect livestock against specimen F and other microorganisms, reducing the impact of these parasites on livestock populations.
Question 9 Report
(a) Name two farm animals possessing specimen A(Horn) (Cattle, Goat,Sheep).
(b) State two methods of removing specimen A from the animals possessing it.
(c) Mention three methods of rearing specimen B(Chicken).
(d) State six characteristic features which would make a farmer decide to cull specimen A.
(a)Farm animals Possessing specimen A(Horn): Sheep, Goat, Cattle, etc.
(b) Methods of removing specimen A are
i. Use of electrical dehorner
ii. Use of gouge
iii. Use saws
iv. Use hot iron/Fire
v.Use chemicals etc.
(c) Methods of rearing specimen B (layers/chicken) are: deep litter, battery cage, fold, free range or open-range
(d) Undesirable qualities for culling specimen B/ Reasons for culling specimen L are: pale and scaly comb, pale and scaly wattles, sunken, dull and split pupils, yellow beak, rounded and lustreless tail, feather broken after laying for some time, hard abdomen with little or no capacity narrow distance between the breast bone and pelvic bones to 2-3 fingers., It has overweight due to excess fat, very light, hard and dry skin, small dry vent, yellow shank, broodiness, cannibalism, low egg production or ceasation of laying.
Answer Details
(a)Farm animals Possessing specimen A(Horn): Sheep, Goat, Cattle, etc.
(b) Methods of removing specimen A are
i. Use of electrical dehorner
ii. Use of gouge
iii. Use saws
iv. Use hot iron/Fire
v.Use chemicals etc.
(c) Methods of rearing specimen B (layers/chicken) are: deep litter, battery cage, fold, free range or open-range
(d) Undesirable qualities for culling specimen B/ Reasons for culling specimen L are: pale and scaly comb, pale and scaly wattles, sunken, dull and split pupils, yellow beak, rounded and lustreless tail, feather broken after laying for some time, hard abdomen with little or no capacity narrow distance between the breast bone and pelvic bones to 2-3 fingers., It has overweight due to excess fat, very light, hard and dry skin, small dry vent, yellow shank, broodiness, cannibalism, low egg production or ceasation of laying.
Question 10 Report
(a) State each of the disease conditions observed on specimens C (Maize) and D (Cassava Leaf) and their causative agents.
(b) Explain the mode of transmission of the diseases on each of specimens C and D. (C) State two effects of each of the diseases on specimens C and D and two control measures of each.
(d) Name two other diseases of specimen D.
(a)(i) Specimen C is a maize plant with leaves showing a mosaic pattern/infection, tomato plant, showing leaf curl.
(ii) The causative agent for this condition is virus.
(iii) Specimen D is cassava leaf, showing leaf spot. The causative agent is fungus.
(b) Mode of transmission: For specimen C, the virus is transmitted by an aphid vector. For specimen D, the fungus is air-borne, water and rain splash
(c) Effects of each of the abnormalities on crops are: Specimen C (effects): (i) lt results in stunted growth of plants. (ii) It leads to reduction in yield of plants. (iii) It causes reduction in the photosynthetic area of the leaf.
Control measures include:
(i) early planting
(ii) removal and burning of infected plants
(iii) eradication of insect vectors
(iv) use of resistant varieties; and
(v) crop rotation For specimen K
effects
(i) lt causes reduction in yield of crop or plant.
(ii) It leads to the reduction in the rate of growth of plants.
(iii) It also leads to reduction in the photosynthetic area of the leaves.
Control measures include
(i) application of fungicides
(ii) use of resistant varieties
(iii) removal and burning of infected plants, and
(iv) crop rotation.
(d) Other diseases of specimen C are
(i) cassava mosaic
(ii) cassava blight
Answer Details
(a)(i) Specimen C is a maize plant with leaves showing a mosaic pattern/infection, tomato plant, showing leaf curl.
(ii) The causative agent for this condition is virus.
(iii) Specimen D is cassava leaf, showing leaf spot. The causative agent is fungus.
(b) Mode of transmission: For specimen C, the virus is transmitted by an aphid vector. For specimen D, the fungus is air-borne, water and rain splash
(c) Effects of each of the abnormalities on crops are: Specimen C (effects): (i) lt results in stunted growth of plants. (ii) It leads to reduction in yield of plants. (iii) It causes reduction in the photosynthetic area of the leaf.
Control measures include:
(i) early planting
(ii) removal and burning of infected plants
(iii) eradication of insect vectors
(iv) use of resistant varieties; and
(v) crop rotation For specimen K
effects
(i) lt causes reduction in yield of crop or plant.
(ii) It leads to the reduction in the rate of growth of plants.
(iii) It also leads to reduction in the photosynthetic area of the leaves.
Control measures include
(i) application of fungicides
(ii) use of resistant varieties
(iii) removal and burning of infected plants, and
(iv) crop rotation.
(d) Other diseases of specimen C are
(i) cassava mosaic
(ii) cassava blight
