JAMB UTME - Government - 2019

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The last measure used by pressure groups that involves setting a condition to be met within a specific timeframe is called an "ultimatum". An ultimatum is a final demand or condition that is presented as the last option by a pressure group to achieve their desired outcome. It is often used when other methods like lobbying or dialogue have failed to yield the desired result. The ultimatum usually comes with a threat of action or consequence if the condition is not met within the specified timeframe. For example, a pressure group advocating for better wages for workers may issue an ultimatum to the management of a company, demanding a pay raise for workers within a certain timeframe. If the company fails to meet the condition, the pressure group may resort to more aggressive tactics like strikes or protests.

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The option that was not responsible for the coalition between A. G and N. C. N. C. is: Akintola's faction which broke out of A. G. to form UPP. The coalition between A. G (Action Group) and N. C. N. C. (Northern People's Congress and National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons) was formed in the early 1960s, and it was primarily driven by political considerations. The Kano riot of 1953, which was one of the major factors that led to the formation of the coalition, was a violent clash between Northern and Southern Nigerians that resulted in many deaths and injuries. The riot created a sense of insecurity and unease among the political elites in Nigeria, and many saw the need for a political alliance that could bridge the gap between the North and the South. The contest for the federal election of 1964 was another factor that contributed to the coalition. The election was highly contested, and it was clear that no single party could win without forming an alliance with other parties. The A. G and N. C. N. C. saw the need to join forces to increase their chances of winning the election. The factional crisis in the A. G, which was caused by the rivalry between Awolowo's faction and Akintola's faction, also contributed to the formation of the coalition. Awolowo's faction wanted to get the N. P. C out of power, while Akintola's faction had a different opinion. This difference led to the split in the A. G, and it became clear that the party could not win the election without forming an alliance with other parties. In summary, the coalition between A. G and N. C. N. C. was primarily driven by political considerations, such as the need to bridge the gap between the North and the South, win the federal election of 1964, and resolve the factional crisis in the A. G. The formation of the UPP by Akintola's faction, therefore, was not a factor that contributed to the coalition.

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A predominant feature of the precolonial governance system was that customary laws were prevalent. This means that the laws and rules were based on traditional customs and practices of the communities and were passed down from generation to generation. These customary laws played a significant role in shaping the way people lived and governed themselves. They were generally unwritten and shaped by the cultural, social and economic conditions of the time. The governance structures in these societies were usually based on these customary laws, and the leaders were chosen based on their ability to uphold them.

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The National Council of Nigerian Citizens (NCNC) produced Nigeria's first Prime Minister, Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. NCNC was one of the main political parties in Nigeria during the country's independence movement in the mid-20th century. Balewa, who was a member of the NCNC, became Nigeria's first Prime Minister when the country gained independence from Britain in 1960.

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The Hakimi was the titled administrative officers in charge of the districts in the heterogeneous Hausa/Fulani Empire.

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The newspaper established by Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe to project the interest of nationalists was the West African Pilot. The West African Pilot was a newspaper founded in 1937 by Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe, who later became the first President of Nigeria. The newspaper was established to promote the interests of Nigerian nationalists and to serve as a platform for the expression of their political views and aspirations. The West African Pilot quickly gained popularity and became one of the most influential newspapers in the region. It advocated for Nigerian independence, social justice, and African unity, and featured articles on various topics, including politics, economics, culture, and sports. The newspaper played a critical role in the Nigerian struggle for independence and provided a voice for many Nigerians who felt marginalized or oppressed by the colonial authorities. It also served as a forum for intellectual and cultural debates and helped to shape the identity and consciousness of Nigerians as a people. In summary, the West African Pilot was a newspaper established by Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe to advance the interests of Nigerian nationalists and to promote their vision of a free, just, and prosperous Nigeria. It was a significant force in the political, social, and cultural life of Nigeria and contributed to the emergence of a new generation of leaders and thinkers in the country.

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The solidarity for self-governance system and liberty of Africans demonstrated by Africans and Non-Africans in diaspora is termed Pan-Africanism. Pan-Africanism is a political and social movement that originated in the late 19th century and early 20th century among Africans and people of African descent, both on the African continent and in the diaspora. The movement sought to promote solidarity among Africans and people of African descent, as well as to advance the cause of African self-governance and independence from colonial powers. Pan-Africanism emerged in response to the colonization of Africa and the oppression of people of African descent around the world. The movement was driven by the belief that people of African descent shared a common history, culture, and destiny, and that they should work together to achieve their liberation and equality. Pan-Africanism has taken many forms over the years, from cultural and artistic expressions to political and economic cooperation. Its goals have included the establishment of independent African states, the promotion of African unity, the advancement of economic and social development in Africa, and the elimination of racism and discrimination against people of African descent worldwide. In summary, Pan-Africanism is the term used to describe the solidarity for self-governance and liberty of Africans demonstrated by Africans and people of African descent in the diaspora. The movement seeks to promote unity and cooperation among people of African descent and to advance the cause of African self-governance and independence from colonial powers.

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The form of government that has the slogan of 'ruling of the best' is Aristocracy. Aristocracy is a type of government where a small group of privileged individuals hold power, typically based on their wealth, social status, or intelligence. The term "aristocracy" comes from the Greek words "aristos," which means "best," and "kratos," which means "rule." The idea behind aristocracy is that those who are deemed to be the best and most capable individuals should be the ones to lead the government and make decisions on behalf of the people. This is in contrast to democracy, where power is held by the people as a whole, and decisions are made through a process of popular vote.

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As part of the Commissions set up for the review of the Nigerian federalism challenges, the Chick's commission was set up in 1953.

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The correct option is: PDP, APGA, AD. PDP refers to the People's Democratic Party, which is a political party in Nigeria. APGA stands for All Progressives Grand Alliance, which is a political party in Nigeria. AD stands for Alliance for Democracy, which is a political party in Nigeria. These parties were active during the 4th republic in Nigeria, which was from 1999 to 2007.

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Like the series of political office arrangements and portfolios in the Hausa/Fulani Empire i.e the Galadima, Waziri and the rest, deconcentration of power is obtainable unlike in devolution which Options B and D implicitly cover. Option A refers to Decentralization of powers.

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It must be stated with emphatic clarity that the annexation of Lagos as a 'Colony' in 1861 is significant to the effectuation of colonialism in Nigeria. All the other factors of economic advantage and the spread of christianity are complementary and implied reasons.

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Elitist is often used as a critique label, to describe a political party definitive of social class and rankings of top profiled politicians without much agenda for social justice.

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The membership of the Cabinet will be substituted or reshuffled especially there is dissolution of the cabinet in its entirely in a WestMinster system.

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The dwindling and market falls in oil prices are prime indicators for Nigeria's politico-economic consideration for diversification. This means that Nigeria is looking to move away from relying solely on oil as its main source of income and looking to develop other industries and sectors that can contribute to the country's economy. This is important because relying solely on oil can be risky, as the price of oil is often affected by global market forces and can fall suddenly, leading to economic instability. By diversifying its economy, Nigeria can reduce its dependence on oil and become more resilient to economic shocks.

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The EFCC as it is, is an executive body that must discharge its functions strictly in line with the reasons for its establishment. None of those functions extend to exercising judicial powers by punishing and conducting trials for suspects, which the strict duty of the court.

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Unlike the position under the present 1999 Constitution as amended, each state was permitted to elect 5 senators into the House of Representatives.

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The All Progressives Congress (APC) is the result of a merger of four opposition parties in Nigeria. These parties are the All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP), the Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN), the Congress for Progressive Change (CPC), and a faction of the All Progressives Grand Alliance (APGA). Therefore, the answer to the question is "United Progressive Grand Alliance (UPGA)" because UPGA is not one of the political parties that merged to form the APC. The APC was formed in 2013 as a response to the ruling People's Democratic Party (PDP) which had been in power since 1999. The merger was aimed at creating a formidable opposition to the PDP in the 2015 general elections, which the APC won, leading to the inauguration of President Muhammadu Buhari as the first opposition candidate to defeat a sitting president in Nigeria's history.

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In the non-stratified society of the pre-colonial era, such as among the Igbo people, decisions were made by consensus. This means that members of the community would come together and discuss issues until they reached an agreement that everyone was comfortable with. This system of decision-making was based on the principles of equality and mutual respect, and everyone had a voice in the process. There were no formal leaders or rulers who made decisions on behalf of the people, and power was decentralized. Instead, decision-making was a collective responsibility, and every member of the community had a say in shaping their society.

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The Armed Forces Ruling Council (AFRC) is attributable to the military regime of Ibrahim Babangida in Nigeria. The AFRC was the highest decision-making body during Babangida's rule from 1985 to 1993, and it was made up of military officers who ruled the country by decree. The council was established after Babangida overthrew the previous military regime of Muhammadu Buhari, and it continued to wield significant power until Babangida's eventual resignation in 1993. Therefore, "Ibrahim Babangida's regime," is the correct answer.

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The cultural organization that metamorphosed into the Northern People's Congress (NPC) was the Jamiyyar Mutanen Arewa (JMA). Jamiyyar Mutanen Arewa, which means "Society of Northern Youths," was a cultural organization formed in 1946 by a group of young educated northerners who aimed to promote the interests of the people of the northern region of Nigeria. The organization became a political party, the Northern People's Congress (NPC), in 1951, with the objective of representing the political interests of the people of the northern region. The NPC went on to become a dominant political force in the northern region, and played a significant role in the politics of Nigeria in the 1950s and 1960s. The NPC was one of the three major political parties in Nigeria's First Republic, which lasted from 1960 to 1966.

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The General Assembly is the most representative organ of the United Nations. This is because all 193 member states of the United Nations have equal representation in the General Assembly, meaning each country has one vote. The General Assembly meets once a year and is responsible for discussing and making recommendations on a wide range of issues, including peace and security, development, and human rights. The General Assembly is also responsible for electing members to other UN bodies, such as the Security Council and the Economic and Social Council. In this way, the General Assembly represents the collective voice of all member states in the United Nations.

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The principle that determines the pattern of interaction of a country in international politics is known as foreign policy. Foreign policy refers to the set of principles and strategies that guide a country's interactions with other countries and international organizations. It includes a wide range of activities, such as diplomacy, trade, defense, and development assistance, and is often shaped by a country's political, economic, and cultural interests and values. Foreign policy can be influenced by various factors, such as historical experiences, national security concerns, economic interests, ideological and cultural beliefs, and geopolitical considerations. Countries can adopt different types of foreign policies, such as isolationism, appeasement, containment, engagement, or multilateralism, depending on their goals and the international context. In summary, foreign policy is a crucial aspect of international relations, as it determines how a country interacts with others and contributes to the shaping of the global order.

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The functional essence of political parties is to ensure that eventually the interests, entitlements and aspirations of the are realised through the emergence of a responsible government.

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The Authur Richard Constitution of 1946 set the foundational road map for a full fledged federalism for Nigeria starting essentially with the Lyttleton's 1954 Constitution, and built upon thereafter.

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Lobbying is often a strategy adopted by pressure groups. Pressure groups are organizations or individuals that seek to influence public policy and bring attention to a specific issue or cause. Lobbying is one of the key tactics used by pressure groups to achieve their goals. Lobbying involves communicating with government officials, legislators, and other decision-makers in order to try to persuade them to support or oppose a particular policy or issue. This can take many forms, including meetings, phone calls, emails, and written communications. While political parties may engage in lobbying, they are typically focused on broader political issues and electoral campaigns, rather than specific policy outcomes. Public corporations may also engage in lobbying, but their efforts are usually geared towards promoting their own interests, rather than advocating for a particular cause or issue. Public authorities, such as government agencies, may be the subject of lobbying efforts, but they typically do not engage in lobbying themselves. Overall, lobbying is most commonly associated with pressure groups, which use it as a key strategy to advance their policy goals and influence the decisions of government officials and other decision-makers.

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The primary essence of a public corporation is public utility. A public corporation is a legal entity that is created by the government to perform a specific public function. The primary purpose of a public corporation is to provide essential services to the public, such as transportation, water supply, and electricity, among others. These services are necessary for the well-being of the general public, and as such, the public corporation is created to ensure that they are efficiently and effectively provided. While a public corporation may generate revenue and make a profit, the main focus is on providing public services rather than maximizing profits. As a result, a public corporation is subject to more regulation and oversight than a private corporation, as it is accountable to the public and the government. In summary, the primary essence of a public corporation is public utility, as it is created by the government to provide essential services to the public rather than to maximize profits or formulate government policies or resolve administrative disputes.

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The implication of the passage of a vote of no confidence is to demonstrate disapproval which will lead to the retirement of the entire cabinet and its head.

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The term for the practice of dividing electoral districts in a way that gives an unfair advantage to a particular political party or group is called gerrymandering. This means that electoral boundaries are drawn in a way that makes it easier for one party to win more seats, even if they do not have more overall support from the voters. This can be done by grouping certain communities together, or by splitting up areas where certain groups tend to vote in a certain way. Gerrymandering is often considered a controversial practice, as it can undermine the democratic process and prevent fair representation of all citizens. The term delimitation is also related to the drawing of electoral boundaries, but it refers to the process of determining the geographic boundaries of electoral districts, without the implication of political manipulation.

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Opinion sampling may be necessary for various reasons such as aggregating popular thinking on a subject matter, preparing public expenditure, and evaluating political strength. However, it is not necessary to inspire public reasoning on population census. Opinion sampling is a method used to collect opinions from a sample of people to estimate the opinions of a larger population. It is used in various fields, including market research, politics, and social science research. Aggregating popular thinking on a subject matter is important for making informed decisions that align with the majority's views. Opinion sampling helps to collect and analyze data to reveal trends and patterns in people's thoughts and beliefs. Preparing public expenditure is another area where opinion sampling is necessary. Governments and organizations need to know what the public thinks about specific policies, budgets, and projects. This feedback helps them make decisions that reflect the needs and wants of the people they serve. Similarly, political parties often use opinion sampling to evaluate their political strength. This helps them understand the public's perception of their policies and how they can improve their chances of winning elections. However, inspiring public reasoning on population census does not require opinion sampling. Instead, this involves educating people on the importance of participating in a census and providing accurate information about their demographics.

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The hausa/fulani empire for geo-political reasons apportioned different portfolios of authorities for serve the multiplicity of functions and administrative interests. The offices of Sarkin fada, as head of palace workers, Waziri as prime minister among others are pointers in this regard.

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The sum total of all activities exerted by the majority with enthusiasm actively involving in all aspects of their political sphere is the best answer not only because is the all encompassing answer but also because popular political participation is the aggegration of all efforts of the citizens partaking delibrately and consciously in their governance affairs.

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The legitimate claims and entitlements available to a community of people by reasons of birth, residence, and/or certification are known as their citizenship rights. Citizenship rights refer to the legal, political, and social rights that a person enjoys by being a member of a particular country or state. These rights can include the right to vote, to work, to access healthcare, education, and social services, to own property, to express oneself freely, and to be protected by the law. Citizenship rights are typically based on the principle of jus soli (right of the soil) or jus sanguinis (right of blood), which determine the conditions for acquiring citizenship by birth or descent. In some cases, citizenship can also be acquired through naturalization or marriage. Citizenship rights are an essential component of democratic societies, as they provide a framework for the participation, representation, and protection of all members of a community, regardless of their social status, race, ethnicity, religion, or gender. They reflect the idea that every person has inherent dignity and worth and should be treated with equal respect and consideration under the law. In summary, citizenship rights are a set of legal, political, and social entitlements that are attached to the status of being a citizen and aim to promote the welfare, dignity, and freedom of individuals and the common good of society as a whole.

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The correct answer is: Civil Service; Public Service. The Civil Service is the body of employees that are responsible for implementing the policies and programs of the government. Their primary duty is to ensure that the policies and programs of the government are carried out effectively and efficiently. The Public Service, on the other hand, is the entire system of people and organizations that work together to deliver services to the public. This includes not only the Civil Service, but also other bodies such as local government, healthcare providers, and educational institutions. Therefore, the primary duty of the Civil Service is to implement the target programmes of the government, as part of the broader duty of the Public Service to deliver services to the public.

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The power of impeachment belongs to the legislature to check the Executive act of gross misconduct while Re-call is exercisable within the reach of the electorates.

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The West African Students' Union (WASU) was formed in 1925. This was an organization created by students from different countries in West Africa who were studying in Britain. The main goal of the union was to advocate for the rights of West Africans and to promote their interests. It also aimed to foster unity among West African students studying in Britain and to create a sense of identity and belonging. The union was one of the first pan-African organizations to emerge and played an important role in the struggle for independence and self-determination in West Africa.

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The National Assembly in the second republic was made up of the Lower House and the House of Representatives. The Lower House, also known as the House of Commons, was made up of elected members who represented their constituencies. They were responsible for introducing and passing bills related to the governance of the country. The House of Representatives, on the other hand, was made up of appointed members who represented various interest groups and were tasked with advising the government on policy matters. Together, the Lower House and the House of Representatives formed the National Assembly, which was the legislative arm of the government in the second republic.

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Citizenship by naturalization refers to the process by which a non-citizen becomes a legal member of a state. It is different from citizenship by marriage or registration, which involve different criteria for obtaining citizenship. Naturalization usually involves satisfying constitutional requirements, such as residing in the country for a certain period of time, passing a citizenship test, and demonstrating knowledge of the country's language and customs. It is an honorable way of attaining citizenship, but it is not an honorary means. Citizenship by birth, on the other hand, is when someone is automatically granted citizenship by being born in a particular country, regardless of their parents' nationality. Naturalization is a legal process that involves the judiciary, but it is not certification for citizenship by birth.

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trictly speaking, independence of the judiciary isn't restricted to the idea of non-interference by the legislature or executive or either of agencies on judicial decision making but particularly ensuring that all the gateways to the activities that may put the judiciary in a vulnerable state to the other arms of government must be shut down.

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The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) is an organ of the United Nations. The United Nations (UN) is an international organization founded in 1945 to promote peace, security, and cooperation among nations. It has 193 member states and operates through various bodies and specialized agencies, one of which is the ECOSOC. The ECOSOC is responsible for promoting international economic and social cooperation and development. It serves as a forum for member states to discuss and coordinate on issues related to economic and social development, and also provides recommendations to the UN General Assembly on these issues. In simple terms, the ECOSOC is a part of the UN that focuses on improving the world's economy and society.