Geography 4GE1 | Paper 2 Mock 01 | Human Geography

(a) Urban describes an area with a high concentration of people and buildings, where most employment is in non-primary activities such as manufacturing and services. (b) 2010. (c) 2020. (d) 40 index points: population was 250 and built-up land was 290. (e) Lagos attracts migrants because it has a wider range of jobs, including port, trade, construction and informal-sector work. (f) Expansion of housing can use land previously occupied by farmland, wetlands or open space. (g) Built-up land can grow faster because new migrants and existing residents need homes, roads, shops, schools and workplaces, not just houses. Low-density development on the city edge uses a large amount of land per person. Higher-income households may move to suburban estates with larger plots, while industries and warehouses need extensive sites near transport routes. Informal settlements can also spread onto unused or marginal land. Therefore, even where population increases, the area covered by urban land can increase at a still faster rate.

(a) Any two valid physical factors: naturally thin or nutrient-poor soils; high temperatures causing high evaporation; strong dry-season winds that remove exposed topsoil; sparse natural vegetation; occasional intense rainstorms that cause runoff and erosion. (b) For example, overgrazing by cattle, goats or sheep removes plant cover; bare soil is then exposed to erosion. Fuelwood collection or clearing land for cultivation are also valid activities if linked to loss of vegetation. (c) Rainfall fell from 350 mm in 1980 to 280 mm in 1990; it fell further to a low of 240 mm in 2000; rainfall then rose to 300 mm by 2010; however, 2010 rainfall was still 50 mm below the 1980 value. (d) Prolonged low or unreliable rainfall reduces plant growth and can kill grasses, shrubs and crops. With less vegetation, roots no longer bind the soil and there is less leaf cover to protect it. A growing population may cultivate marginal land, keep too many livestock, or cut trees for fuel. These activities remove vegetation faster than it can regenerate, especially during drought. The exposed soil is baked hard by high temperatures, so rainfall infiltrates less easily. When intense rain does fall, it runs over the surface, washing away fertile topsoil; wind can also blow away dry fine material. Soil moisture, organic matter and fertility decline, crop yields fall, and farmers may clear or graze even more land. This positive feedback can turn productive semi-arid land into degraded desert-like land: desertification.

(a) The Green Belt. (b) An Underground or rail line. (c) Central London. (d) The Green Belt helps limit the outward spread of the built-up area; it also protects open land and can prevent nearby settlements merging. (e) Housing outside London may be cheaper or larger, while rail services allow people to travel to jobs in London. (f) High-capacity public transport, such as the Underground, buses and rail, moves many people using less road space than private cars. This can reduce congestion, journey delays and emissions from traffic. Good transport connections also make it possible to build higher-density housing close to stations, reducing pressure to expand onto greenfield land. Residents can reach work, schools, shops and services without needing to own a car, so resources and urban land can be used more efficiently.

(a) Data are facts, measurements, observations or responses collected for an enquiry. They may be numerical, such as household size, or qualitative, such as residents' opinions. (b) Dharavi. (c) A railway. (d) Island City. (e) East, or north-east. (f) Use a questionnaire or house survey, for example recording access to piped water, toilets and electricity for a sample of households. (g) Safe sanitation. Acceptable alternatives include clean water supply, waste collection, drainage, road access, health care or electricity. (h) Railways provide relatively quick and affordable access to jobs and services elsewhere in the city. (i) Many residents need to reach jobs in the CBD, factories, markets, construction sites or domestic service. Living near work reduces journey time and transport costs, which is particularly important for low-income households. Railway corridors also provide accessible land and connections to other parts of Mumbai. Land beside tracks or on marginal sites may be less desirable or less closely controlled, allowing settlements to expand even though residents may face hazards such as noise, pollution and eviction. (j) The survey results could be placed in a table with the same indicators for both places, such as percentage of homes with piped water, number of people per room, toilet access, waste collection and residents' satisfaction scores. The enquiry should use comparable sample sizes or calculate percentages so that one larger sample does not distort the comparison. Bar charts could show differences clearly, while averages and ranges could compare household size or walking distance to water. Written conclusions should refer to the figures in the box, for example identifying which settlement has the higher proportion of households without sanitation, while recognising that samples may not represent every resident.