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Question 1 Report
Read the report of a round-table discussion held in London in 1930. Delegates debated how India could be governed after constitutional reform. One Muslim poet and philosopher argued that the north-western Muslim-majority regions should be combined into a self-governing unit. His statement later became an important source for historians studying the idea of Pakistan.
(a) Identify the speaker associated with this proposal. [1]
(b) Explain why his Allahabad address was important to the Pakistan Movement. [3]
(a) Allama Muhammad Iqbal / Muhammad Iqbal [1] (b) It proposed a united Muslim-majority state or autonomous unit in north-west India [1]; it gave an intellectual and political expression to Muslim nationhood [1]; it influenced later League thinking about a separate homeland, though it did not set out the final 1940 plan [1].
(a) Allama Muhammad Iqbal / Muhammad Iqbal [1] (b) It proposed a united Muslim-majority state or autonomous unit in north-west India [1]; it gave an intellectual and political expression to Muslim nationhood [1]; it influenced later League thinking about a separate homeland, though it did not set out the final 1940 plan [1].
Question 2 Report
Read the extract from a textile-worker interview collected in Karachi. The worker says that factories were taken over by the government in the 1970s, but that management and production later became difficult. The interviewer wants to examine Bhutto's economic programme and its effects on ordinary people in Pakistan.
(a) Identify the term used when the state takes private industries into public ownership. [1]
(b) Explain one reason why Bhutto introduced this policy. [2]
(c) Analyse one disadvantage of nationalisation for Pakistan's economy. [2]
(a) Nationalisation. [1] (b) Any two: to reduce power of wealthy industrialists; to distribute wealth more fairly; to bring key services under state control; to fulfil socialist election promises. [2] (c) Any two linked points: inefficient state management could reduce output; political appointments could weaken expertise; private investors could be discouraged; losses increased pressure on government finance. [2]
(a) Nationalisation. [1] (b) Any two: to reduce power of wealthy industrialists; to distribute wealth more fairly; to bring key services under state control; to fulfil socialist election promises. [2] (c) Any two linked points: inefficient state management could reduce output; political appointments could weaken expertise; private investors could be discouraged; losses increased pressure on government finance. [2]
Question 3 Report
During a source investigation, students map Shah Jahan's building projects. Their notes include the Taj Mahal at Agra, the Red Fort at Delhi and the Shalimar Gardens at Lahore. One student states: "These projects prove that Shah Jahan was successful." Another argues that costly court life and buildings placed pressure on imperial resources. Answer using the evidence and your own knowledge of the Mughal Empire.
(a) Identify the city in Pakistan where the Shalimar Gardens are located. [1]
(b) Explain why Shah Jahan built a new imperial city at Delhi. [2]
(c) Analyse the statement that Mughal architecture was both an achievement and a weakness. [3]
(a) Lahore [1] (b) It gave Shah Jahan a planned, prestigious centre for government and court [1]; it displayed his authority and separated his rule from earlier imperial centres [1]. (c) Achievement: buildings showed wealth, skill and a powerful, cultured empire [1]. Weakness: construction and court expenditure used revenue that could support armies or administration [1]. Balanced judgement supported by a link to prestige or financial pressure [1].
(a) Lahore [1] (b) It gave Shah Jahan a planned, prestigious centre for government and court [1]; it displayed his authority and separated his rule from earlier imperial centres [1]. (c) Achievement: buildings showed wealth, skill and a powerful, cultured empire [1]. Weakness: construction and court expenditure used revenue that could support armies or administration [1]. Balanced judgement supported by a link to prestige or financial pressure [1].
Question 4 Report
At a book fair in Karachi, an exhibition label describes the arrival of Babur from Central Asia and his victory over Ibrahim Lodi at Panipat in 1526. It includes a quotation about carts, matchlock men and artillery. Visitors are asked to consider why this battle was a turning point in the history of Muslim rule in India, rather than simply another change of emperor.
(a) Identify the ruler defeated by Babur at the first Battle of Panipat. [1]
(b) Explain two military advantages used by Babur's army. [2]
(c) Analyse why Babur's victory was important for the future of the Mughal Empire. [3]
(a) Ibrahim Lodi [1] (b) Any two: artillery or cannon [1]; matchlock firearms [1]; defensive line of carts [1]; skilled cavalry tactics [1] (c) It ended Lodi rule at Delhi [1]; Babur gained a base and resources in northern India [1]; this allowed his successors to build the Mughal Empire and a powerful Muslim state [1]
(a) Ibrahim Lodi [1] (b) Any two: artillery or cannon [1]; matchlock firearms [1]; defensive line of carts [1]; skilled cavalry tactics [1] (c) It ended Lodi rule at Delhi [1]; Babur gained a base and resources in northern India [1]; this allowed his successors to build the Mughal Empire and a powerful Muslim state [1]
Question 5 Report
Minutes from a 1906 delegation at Simla record Muslim landowners, lawyers and educationists meeting Viceroy Minto. They argued that Muslims were a separate political community and that elections based only on population would not protect them. The minutes were later used in a case study of the achievements of Muslim leaders before independence.
(a) Identify the leader of the Simla Deputation. [1]
(b) Explain two demands made by the deputation. [4]
(c) Explain why the viceroy's response was important to the Pakistan Movement. [2]
(a) Aga Khan III / Sir Sultan Muhammad Shah [1] (b) Separate electorates for Muslims [2]; representation greater than their numerical proportion / weightage [2]; Muslim consultation in government appointments or councils [2]. Max [4] (c) Minto accepted the principle that Muslims required separate political representation [1]; this encouraged the formation and aims of the All-India Muslim League [1].
(a) Aga Khan III / Sir Sultan Muhammad Shah [1] (b) Separate electorates for Muslims [2]; representation greater than their numerical proportion / weightage [2]; Muslim consultation in government appointments or councils [2]. Max [4] (c) Minto accepted the principle that Muslims required separate political representation [1]; this encouraged the formation and aims of the All-India Muslim League [1].
Question 6 Report
Figurative evidence from an 1885 Calcutta newspaper reports the formation of the Indian National Congress. Its organisers claimed to speak for all people of India and asked the British state for a greater Indian role in government. A museum guide asks visitors to consider why Sir Syed Ahmad Khan advised Muslims not to join this new movement at first. Your answer should refer to political conditions in the subcontinent.
(a) Identify the city in which the Congress was founded. [1]
(b) Explain two reasons for Sir Syed's opposition to Congress membership by Muslims. [4]
(c) Explain one way in which his view affected later Muslim political organisation. [4]
(a) Calcutta [1] (b) Any two: Muslims were educationally and economically behind Hindus and could not compete fairly [2]; representative government based on numbers would allow the Hindu majority to dominate [2]; Congress was seen as mainly Hindu in leadership and priorities [2]; Muslims needed cooperation with the British state to improve their position [2]. (c) It encouraged Muslims to organise separately to protect their interests [2]; this helped create support for an all-India Muslim political body, culminating in the Muslim League in 1906 [2].
(a) Calcutta [1] (b) Any two: Muslims were educationally and economically behind Hindus and could not compete fairly [2]; representative government based on numbers would allow the Hindu majority to dominate [2]; Congress was seen as mainly Hindu in leadership and priorities [2]; Muslims needed cooperation with the British state to improve their position [2]. (c) It encouraged Muslims to organise separately to protect their interests [2]; this helped create support for an all-India Muslim political body, culminating in the Muslim League in 1906 [2].
Question 7 Report
During a district campaign in 1937, voters heard Congress candidates promise reforms in a provincial government. After the elections, Congress formed ministries in several provinces. Muslim League organisers collected complaints about Bande Mataram, changes to school teaching and the treatment of Muslim employees. A case-study group is assessing whether Congress rule increased support for the Muslim League.
(a) Identify the political party that formed ministries in several provinces after the 1937 elections. [1]
(b) Explain one reason why some Muslims criticised Congress provincial rule. [2]
(a) Indian National Congress / Congress [1] (b) Any developed point: alleged promotion of Hindu symbols such as Bande Mataram [1] made Muslims fear cultural domination [1]; or educational policies such as Wardha teaching were seen as neglecting Muslim culture [1] and Islam [1]; or complaints about discrimination in jobs/administration [1] increased insecurity [1]. Max [2]
(a) Indian National Congress / Congress [1] (b) Any developed point: alleged promotion of Hindu symbols such as Bande Mataram [1] made Muslims fear cultural domination [1]; or educational policies such as Wardha teaching were seen as neglecting Muslim culture [1] and Islam [1]; or complaints about discrimination in jobs/administration [1] increased insecurity [1]. Max [2]
Question 8 Report
Read the case-study summary from a rural school near Rai Bareli. It describes Sayyid Ahmad Barelvi travelling through northern India, calling Muslims to reform their religious practices, and organising supporters against Sikh rule in the north-west. The case study asks why his movement had both religious aims and political consequences for Muslims in the subcontinent.
(a) Identify the reformer who led this movement. [1]
(b) Explain two religious aims of Sayyid Ahmad Barelvi. [2]
(c) Analyse two reasons why his movement struggled to achieve a lasting Muslim state. [3]
(a) Sayyid Ahmad Barelvi / Syed Ahmad Shaheed [1] (b) Any two: remove un-Islamic customs [1]; encourage observance of Sharia [1]; revive Muslim faith and unity [1]; promote jihad against non-Muslim rule [1] (c) Any two developed points: supporters came from different regions and had differing interests [1]; local tribes did not always accept his authority or taxes [1]; Sikh forces were strong and organised [1]; his death at Balakot removed the movement's leader [1]
(a) Sayyid Ahmad Barelvi / Syed Ahmad Shaheed [1] (b) Any two: remove un-Islamic customs [1]; encourage observance of Sharia [1]; revive Muslim faith and unity [1]; promote jihad against non-Muslim rule [1] (c) Any two developed points: supporters came from different regions and had differing interests [1]; local tribes did not always accept his authority or taxes [1]; Sikh forces were strong and organised [1]; his death at Balakot removed the movement's leader [1]
Question 9 Report
The table is not available, but a census officer's 1927 field notes state that Muslims were majorities in Punjab and Bengal but minorities across much of India. A constitutional committee is discussing whether a single electoral system would give all communities fair influence. A student must prepare reasons for the Muslim response to the Nehru Report of 1928, which proposed a future Indian constitution.
(a) Identify the Muslim leader who presented a response in the form of Fourteen Points. [1]
(b) Explain three Muslim objections to the Nehru Report. [3]
(a) Muhammad Ali Jinnah [1] (b) Any three: it proposed ending separate electorates [1]; it did not give Muslims adequate provincial representation/weightage [1]; it did not protect Muslim majorities in Punjab and Bengal sufficiently [1]; it supported a strong central government rather than provincial autonomy [1]; it did not meet Muslim demands for safeguards [1]. Max [3]
(a) Muhammad Ali Jinnah [1] (b) Any three: it proposed ending separate electorates [1]; it did not give Muslims adequate provincial representation/weightage [1]; it did not protect Muslim majorities in Punjab and Bengal sufficiently [1]; it supported a strong central government rather than provincial autonomy [1]; it did not meet Muslim demands for safeguards [1]. Max [3]
Question 10 Report
A conservation team studying the Badshahi Mosque in Lahore records its large prayer hall, minarets, red sandstone and prominent position near the Lahore Fort. Their report states that Aurangzeb commissioned it in the seventeenth century, when Lahore was an important Mughal city. The team must write a short section explaining how buildings can reveal the achievements and priorities of an emperor.
(a) Identify the emperor who ordered the Badshahi Mosque. [1]
(b) Describe one feature that made the mosque visually impressive. [1]
(c) Explain why building such a mosque was important to Aurangzeb's rule. [2]
(a) Aurangzeb / Alamgir [1] (b) Any one: large scale prayer hall / tall minarets / red sandstone / grand location [1]. (c) It displayed imperial wealth and authority [1]; it demonstrated Aurangzeb's support for Islam and provided a major Muslim place of worship [1].
(a) Aurangzeb / Alamgir [1] (b) Any one: large scale prayer hall / tall minarets / red sandstone / grand location [1]. (c) It displayed imperial wealth and authority [1]; it demonstrated Aurangzeb's support for Islam and provided a major Muslim place of worship [1].
Question 11 Report
A police report from Chauri Chaura in 1922 describes a crowd setting fire to a police station after confrontation with officers. Soon afterwards Gandhi ended the non-cooperation campaign. Muslim volunteers in one district felt that they had made sacrifices for a movement that was stopped without consulting them. This incident is used in a study of changing relations between Congress and Muslim political movements.
(a) Identify the Congress leader who withdrew the campaign. [1]
(b) Explain two effects of the withdrawal on Muslim political opinion. [4]
(a) Mahatma Gandhi [1] (b) Any two explained: Muslim activists felt abandoned after supporting non-cooperation and Khilafat [2]; confidence in Congress as a partner declined [2]; Muslims became more likely to favour separate political organisation [2]; it exposed differences between religious Muslim aims and Congress methods [2].
(a) Mahatma Gandhi [1] (b) Any two explained: Muslim activists felt abandoned after supporting non-cooperation and Khilafat [2]; confidence in Congress as a partner declined [2]; Muslims became more likely to favour separate political organisation [2]; it exposed differences between religious Muslim aims and Congress methods [2].
Question 12 Report
A district officer is studying a 2011 briefing on the Eighteenth Amendment. The briefing says that several responsibilities, including education and health, were transferred from the federal level to provincial governments. Use this reform as a case study of how Pakistan tried to improve democratic government after military rule.
(a) Identify the year in which the Eighteenth Amendment was passed. [1]
(b) Explain two ways in which the amendment strengthened the provinces. [2]
(c) Analyse one challenge created when provinces received greater responsibility. [3]
(a) 2010. [1] (b) Any two: more subjects such as education and health were devolved; provincial autonomy increased; the concurrent list was removed; provincial shares/resources were strengthened; presidential powers to dissolve parliament were reduced. [2] (c) Any three linked points: poorer provinces may lack trained staff; standards may differ between provinces; funding disputes can arise; coordination is harder for national emergencies; local corruption or weak administration may limit benefits. [3]
(a) 2010. [1] (b) Any two: more subjects such as education and health were devolved; provincial autonomy increased; the concurrent list was removed; provincial shares/resources were strengthened; presidential powers to dissolve parliament were reduced. [2] (c) Any three linked points: poorer provinces may lack trained staff; standards may differ between provinces; funding disputes can arise; coordination is harder for national emergencies; local corruption or weak administration may limit benefits. [3]
Question 13 Report
A podcast producer is preparing an episode called "Was Akbar the greatest Mughal emperor?" Her research cards list conquest of Gujarat and Bengal, reforms in revenue collection, Rajput cooperation, religious discussion, and the creation of a strong central government. A second card states that later emperors inherited a large empire but faced difficult succession disputes and expensive wars. Prepare a balanced answer to the producer's central statement.
(a) Identify one province conquered by Akbar from the research cards. [1]
(b) Explain why control of Gujarat was important to the Mughal Empire. [2]
(c) Analyse the statement that Akbar's administrative achievements were more important than his military achievements. [3]
(a) Gujarat / Bengal [1] (b) Gujarat contained valuable ports and trade routes [1]; control brought customs income, wealth and access to overseas commerce [1]. (c) Administration created regular revenue and a system for controlling nobles [1]; it enabled a diverse empire to be governed [1]; military success provided the land and resources on which administration operated [1]; reasoned judgement, normally favouring administration for long-term stability [1].
(a) Gujarat / Bengal [1] (b) Gujarat contained valuable ports and trade routes [1]; control brought customs income, wealth and access to overseas commerce [1]. (c) Administration created regular revenue and a system for controlling nobles [1]; it enabled a diverse empire to be governed [1]; military success provided the land and resources on which administration operated [1]; reasoned judgement, normally favouring administration for long-term stability [1].
Question 14 Report
At a local archive in Pakistan, a historian reads records from 1803 showing that the East India Company had taken Delhi and kept the Mughal emperor as a pensioner. The records still use the emperor's name on some documents, but Company officials controlled military and financial decisions. The historian asks which mattered more by this stage: the survival of the Mughal title or the loss of real power.
(a) Identify the organisation that took control of Delhi in 1803. [1]
(b) Explain why the Mughal emperor had little real authority after 1803. [2]
(c) Analyse why the continued existence of the emperor could still be important to people in India. [3]
(a) The East India Company [1] (b) Company officials controlled armed forces and revenue [1]; the emperor depended on a Company pension / could not make independent decisions [1]. (c) Any three from: the emperor remained a symbol of Muslim and Mughal legitimacy [1]; traditional elites could continue to show loyalty to the dynasty [1]; the title linked people to centuries of imperial rule [1]; symbolic authority could later be used to unite opposition [1].
(a) The East India Company [1] (b) Company officials controlled armed forces and revenue [1]; the emperor depended on a Company pension / could not make independent decisions [1]. (c) Any three from: the emperor remained a symbol of Muslim and Mughal legitimacy [1]; traditional elites could continue to show loyalty to the dynasty [1]; the title linked people to centuries of imperial rule [1]; symbolic authority could later be used to unite opposition [1].
Question 15 Report
The table below is a simplified research note prepared for a 2022 exhibition on Pakistan's nuclear programme. It records India's nuclear test in May 1998 and Pakistan's tests later that month. Curators want visitors to explain the decision in the context of national security, rather than treat the events as isolated dates.
(a) Identify the place in Balochistan where Pakistan conducted its 1998 tests. [1]
(b) Explain two reasons why Pakistan carried out nuclear tests in 1998. [2]
(c) Explain one international cost of the tests for Pakistan. [2]
Table 1: India tested nuclear devices on 11 May 1998. Pakistan tested nuclear devices on 28 May 1998.
(a) Chagai. [1] (b) Any two: to respond to India's tests; to strengthen deterrence; to demonstrate Pakistan's defence capability; to gain domestic political support/prestige. [2] (c) Any two linked points: economic sanctions were imposed or aid was reduced; foreign investment confidence could fall; Pakistan faced international criticism and pressure over nuclear proliferation. [2]
(a) Chagai. [1] (b) Any two: to respond to India's tests; to strengthen deterrence; to demonstrate Pakistan's defence capability; to gain domestic political support/prestige. [2] (c) Any two linked points: economic sanctions were imposed or aid was reduced; foreign investment confidence could fall; Pakistan faced international criticism and pressure over nuclear proliferation. [2]
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