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Question 1 Report
During a district campaign in 1937, voters heard Congress candidates promise reforms in a provincial government. After the elections, Congress formed ministries in several provinces. Muslim League organisers collected complaints about Bande Mataram, changes to school teaching and the treatment of Muslim employees. A case-study group is assessing whether Congress rule increased support for the Muslim League.
(a) Identify the political party that formed ministries in several provinces after the 1937 elections. [1]
(b) Explain one reason why some Muslims criticised Congress provincial rule. [2]
(a) Indian National Congress / Congress [1] (b) Any developed point: alleged promotion of Hindu symbols such as Bande Mataram [1] made Muslims fear cultural domination [1]; or educational policies such as Wardha teaching were seen as neglecting Muslim culture [1] and Islam [1]; or complaints about discrimination in jobs/administration [1] increased insecurity [1]. Max [2]
(a) Indian National Congress / Congress [1] (b) Any developed point: alleged promotion of Hindu symbols such as Bande Mataram [1] made Muslims fear cultural domination [1]; or educational policies such as Wardha teaching were seen as neglecting Muslim culture [1] and Islam [1]; or complaints about discrimination in jobs/administration [1] increased insecurity [1]. Max [2]
Question 2 Report
The table is not available, but a census officer's 1927 field notes state that Muslims were majorities in Punjab and Bengal but minorities across much of India. A constitutional committee is discussing whether a single electoral system would give all communities fair influence. A student must prepare reasons for the Muslim response to the Nehru Report of 1928, which proposed a future Indian constitution.
(a) Identify the Muslim leader who presented a response in the form of Fourteen Points. [1]
(b) Explain three Muslim objections to the Nehru Report. [3]
(a) Muhammad Ali Jinnah [1] (b) Any three: it proposed ending separate electorates [1]; it did not give Muslims adequate provincial representation/weightage [1]; it did not protect Muslim majorities in Punjab and Bengal sufficiently [1]; it supported a strong central government rather than provincial autonomy [1]; it did not meet Muslim demands for safeguards [1]. Max [3]
(a) Muhammad Ali Jinnah [1] (b) Any three: it proposed ending separate electorates [1]; it did not give Muslims adequate provincial representation/weightage [1]; it did not protect Muslim majorities in Punjab and Bengal sufficiently [1]; it supported a strong central government rather than provincial autonomy [1]; it did not meet Muslim demands for safeguards [1]. Max [3]
Question 3 Report
A geography club has compared flood patterns of the Indus plains with accounts of Muhammad bin Tughluq's attempt to move his capital from Delhi to Daulatabad. The accounts describe long journeys, hardship for officials and difficulties in keeping control of northern India. The club is considering why ambitious plans can weaken a ruler's achievements.
(a) Identify the capital to which Muhammad bin Tughluq ordered people to move. [1]
(b) Describe two problems caused by the transfer of the capital. [2]
(c) Explain why the decision damaged Muhammad bin Tughluq's authority. [3]
(a) Daulatabad [1] (b) Any two: officials and families faced a long difficult journey [1]; Delhi was weakened or partly deserted [1]; administration of northern areas became harder [1]; the move caused suffering and resentment [1] (c) The policy appeared impractical [1]; people lost confidence because they had been forced to move and later return [1]; unrest and rebellions became more likely, reducing control of the state [1]
(a) Daulatabad [1] (b) Any two: officials and families faced a long difficult journey [1]; Delhi was weakened or partly deserted [1]; administration of northern areas became harder [1]; the move caused suffering and resentment [1] (c) The policy appeared impractical [1]; people lost confidence because they had been forced to move and later return [1]; unrest and rebellions became more likely, reducing control of the state [1]
Question 4 Report
A historian has found notes from a public meeting in Meerut in 1867. Hindu speakers requested that Hindi written in Devanagari should replace Urdu in Persian script in courts and offices. Muslim attendees argued that Urdu was an important part of their cultural identity. The historian is preparing a section on the reasons relations between Hindus and Muslims became more difficult in northern India during the nineteenth century.
(a) Identify the language supported by the Muslim attendees. [1]
(b) Explain why the Hindi-Urdu controversy worried many Muslims. [3]
(c) Analyse why this dispute was important for the development of the Pakistan Movement. [6]
(a) Urdu [1] (b) Urdu was linked with Muslim literary and cultural heritage [1]; replacement could reduce Muslim influence in courts and administration [1]; Muslims feared a Hindu majority would impose its preferences [1]. (c) It showed that Hindu and Muslim interests could conflict even within British India [2]; it strengthened the belief that Muslims formed a distinct community, not simply a religious minority [2]; Sir Syed and later Muslim leaders used such issues as evidence that constitutional safeguards or separate political representation were necessary [2].
(a) Urdu [1] (b) Urdu was linked with Muslim literary and cultural heritage [1]; replacement could reduce Muslim influence in courts and administration [1]; Muslims feared a Hindu majority would impose its preferences [1]. (c) It showed that Hindu and Muslim interests could conflict even within British India [2]; it strengthened the belief that Muslims formed a distinct community, not simply a religious minority [2]; Sir Syed and later Muslim leaders used such issues as evidence that constitutional safeguards or separate political representation were necessary [2].
Question 5 Report
A legal charity is producing a 2022 podcast on the period of General Zia-ul-Haq. It has a case file concerning punishments under the Hudood Ordinances and a separate note about the 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. The producer asks which developments changed daily life and foreign policy in Pakistan most deeply.
(a) Identify the country invaded by the Soviet Union in 1979. [1]
(b) Explain one way in which Zia's Islamisation policies affected law or society. [2]
(c) Analyse one reason why the Afghan war was important for Pakistan. [2]
(a) Afghanistan. [1] (b) Any two: Hudood laws introduced Islamic punishments; zakat and ushr taxes were imposed; Shariat courts gained a role; religious education and public observance were encouraged; legal discrimination against women/minorities could increase. [2] (c) Any two linked points: Pakistan received US and Saudi aid; millions of Afghan refugees entered Pakistan; Pakistan supported mujahideen groups; weapons and militancy spread, creating later security problems. [2]
(a) Afghanistan. [1] (b) Any two: Hudood laws introduced Islamic punishments; zakat and ushr taxes were imposed; Shariat courts gained a role; religious education and public observance were encouraged; legal discrimination against women/minorities could increase. [2] (c) Any two linked points: Pakistan received US and Saudi aid; millions of Afghan refugees entered Pakistan; Pakistan supported mujahideen groups; weapons and militancy spread, creating later security problems. [2]
Question 6 Report
Minutes from a 1906 delegation at Simla record Muslim landowners, lawyers and educationists meeting Viceroy Minto. They argued that Muslims were a separate political community and that elections based only on population would not protect them. The minutes were later used in a case study of the achievements of Muslim leaders before independence.
(a) Identify the leader of the Simla Deputation. [1]
(b) Explain two demands made by the deputation. [4]
(c) Explain why the viceroy's response was important to the Pakistan Movement. [2]
(a) Aga Khan III / Sir Sultan Muhammad Shah [1] (b) Separate electorates for Muslims [2]; representation greater than their numerical proportion / weightage [2]; Muslim consultation in government appointments or councils [2]. Max [4] (c) Minto accepted the principle that Muslims required separate political representation [1]; this encouraged the formation and aims of the All-India Muslim League [1].
(a) Aga Khan III / Sir Sultan Muhammad Shah [1] (b) Separate electorates for Muslims [2]; representation greater than their numerical proportion / weightage [2]; Muslim consultation in government appointments or councils [2]. Max [4] (c) Minto accepted the principle that Muslims required separate political representation [1]; this encouraged the formation and aims of the All-India Muslim League [1].
Question 7 Report
A family letter posted from Cambridge in 1933 mentions a group of Indian Muslim students discussing a pamphlet called Now or Never. The pamphlet used the name "Pakistan" for a proposed homeland and argued that Muslims in several north-western provinces required protection from majority rule. The letter is being examined for evidence about ideas that developed outside formal Muslim League meetings.
(a) Identify the writer of Now or Never. [1]
(b) Explain two reasons why this pamphlet was important, even though it did not create Pakistan. [2]
(a) Chaudhry Rahmat Ali [1] (b) Any two: it popularised the name Pakistan [1]; it presented a clear proposal for a Muslim homeland [1]; it kept the issue of Muslim political security before students and public opinion [1]. Max [2]
(a) Chaudhry Rahmat Ali [1] (b) Any two: it popularised the name Pakistan [1]; it presented a clear proposal for a Muslim homeland [1]; it kept the issue of Muslim political security before students and public opinion [1]. Max [2]
Question 8 Report
Fig. 1 is not provided. Instead, a historian's field notebook records that visitors to the shrine of Data Ganj Bakhsh in Lahore included artisans, farmers and travellers from different communities. The notebook describes food being shared and religious teaching offered in simple local language. The historian is investigating why Sufi saints became important to the Muslim movement in Pakistan and northern India.
(a) Identify the city associated with Data Ganj Bakhsh. [1]
(b) Explain two reasons why Sufi teaching appealed to many people in the subcontinent. [2]
(c) Analyse one way Sufi shrines helped Islam become established in local society. [2]
(a) Lahore [1] (b) Any two: teachings were presented simply [1]; saints showed kindness, charity or humility [1]; Sufis used local languages [1]; people could approach them more easily than court scholars [1] (c) Shrines became centres for worship, teaching and charity [1]; repeated visits linked local communities with Muslim beliefs and practices [1]
(a) Lahore [1] (b) Any two: teachings were presented simply [1]; saints showed kindness, charity or humility [1]; Sufis used local languages [1]; people could approach them more easily than court scholars [1] (c) Shrines became centres for worship, teaching and charity [1]; repeated visits linked local communities with Muslim beliefs and practices [1]
Question 9 Report
A conservation team studying the Qutb complex in Delhi has recorded the Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque and the Qutb Minar. Its report says that these buildings were constructed after the Turkish conquest and were visible statements of a new ruling power. The team asks which achievements of Qutb-ud-din Aibak were important in turning military conquest into the Delhi Sultanate.
(a) Identify the dynasty founded by Qutb-ud-din Aibak. [1]
(b) Describe two ways a mosque could strengthen a new Muslim state. [2]
(c) Explain why the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate was important for Islam in the subcontinent. [2]
(a) Slave dynasty / Mamluk dynasty [1] (b) Any two: provided a place for Muslim worship [1]; acted as a visible symbol of Muslim authority [1]; brought Muslims together as a community [1]; supported teaching and religious leadership [1] (c) It created a permanent Muslim government based in India [1]; later rulers could extend Muslim political, cultural and religious influence from Delhi [1]
(a) Slave dynasty / Mamluk dynasty [1] (b) Any two: provided a place for Muslim worship [1]; acted as a visible symbol of Muslim authority [1]; brought Muslims together as a community [1]; supported teaching and religious leadership [1] (c) It created a permanent Muslim government based in India [1]; later rulers could extend Muslim political, cultural and religious influence from Delhi [1]
Question 10 Report
A university seminar examines a transcript from Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's 1973 speech about rebuilding Pakistan after the 1971 war. Students are asked to judge the constitutional changes rather than simply repeat the statement. Their discussion includes the role of Islam, parliament and the provinces in the new state.
(a) Identify the office held by Bhutto under the 1973 Constitution. [1]
(b) Describe two important features of the 1973 Constitution. [2]
(c) Explain why a new constitution was important after 1971. [2]
(a) Prime Minister. [1] (b) Any two: parliamentary system; federal arrangement for provinces; elected legislature; Islam declared the state religion; fundamental rights included; president had a mainly formal role. [2] (c) Any two: it restored civilian constitutional government; it sought unity after the loss of East Pakistan; it defined relations between centre and provinces; it gave the state greater political legitimacy. [2]
(a) Prime Minister. [1] (b) Any two: parliamentary system; federal arrangement for provinces; elected legislature; Islam declared the state religion; fundamental rights included; president had a mainly formal role. [2] (c) Any two: it restored civilian constitutional government; it sought unity after the loss of East Pakistan; it defined relations between centre and provinces; it gave the state greater political legitimacy. [2]
Question 11 Report
During a source investigation, students map Shah Jahan's building projects. Their notes include the Taj Mahal at Agra, the Red Fort at Delhi and the Shalimar Gardens at Lahore. One student states: "These projects prove that Shah Jahan was successful." Another argues that costly court life and buildings placed pressure on imperial resources. Answer using the evidence and your own knowledge of the Mughal Empire.
(a) Identify the city in Pakistan where the Shalimar Gardens are located. [1]
(b) Explain why Shah Jahan built a new imperial city at Delhi. [2]
(c) Analyse the statement that Mughal architecture was both an achievement and a weakness. [3]
(a) Lahore [1] (b) It gave Shah Jahan a planned, prestigious centre for government and court [1]; it displayed his authority and separated his rule from earlier imperial centres [1]. (c) Achievement: buildings showed wealth, skill and a powerful, cultured empire [1]. Weakness: construction and court expenditure used revenue that could support armies or administration [1]. Balanced judgement supported by a link to prestige or financial pressure [1].
(a) Lahore [1] (b) It gave Shah Jahan a planned, prestigious centre for government and court [1]; it displayed his authority and separated his rule from earlier imperial centres [1]. (c) Achievement: buildings showed wealth, skill and a powerful, cultured empire [1]. Weakness: construction and court expenditure used revenue that could support armies or administration [1]. Balanced judgement supported by a link to prestige or financial pressure [1].
Question 12 Report
A researcher maps election arrangements introduced by the Indian Councils Act of 1909. The notes show that Muslim voters selected Muslim representatives in separate electoral groups rather than voting in one common list. The researcher is testing the statement: "The Morley-Minto reforms recognised an important political reality in the subcontinent." Consider the reasons and effects in your answer.
(a) Identify the electoral arrangement described in the notes. [1]
(b) Explain why Muslim leaders regarded this arrangement as necessary. [3]
(c) Analyse two effects of the 1909 reforms on Hindu-Muslim politics. [2]
(a) Separate electorates [1] (b) Muslims feared being outvoted by the Hindu majority [1]; they wanted representatives accountable to Muslim voters [1]; it protected distinct religious, cultural and economic interests [1]. (c) Any two: it officially recognised Muslims as a separate political community [1]; it gave Muslims a stronger voice in councils [1]; it increased separate rather than joint political organisation [1]; Congress criticism of separate electorates could widen communal division [1]. Max [2]
(a) Separate electorates [1] (b) Muslims feared being outvoted by the Hindu majority [1]; they wanted representatives accountable to Muslim voters [1]; it protected distinct religious, cultural and economic interests [1]. (c) Any two: it officially recognised Muslims as a separate political community [1]; it gave Muslims a stronger voice in councils [1]; it increased separate rather than joint political organisation [1]; Congress criticism of separate electorates could widen communal division [1]. Max [2]
Question 13 Report
A school archive has found a 1954 civil-service memo which says that East Pakistan had more people but fewer senior posts and less development spending than West Pakistan. A researcher uses it in a case study of tensions inside the Muslim state. Consider why these complaints mattered before the separation of East Pakistan.
(a) Identify the name given to East Pakistan after 1971. [1]
(b) Explain one political or economic grievance of East Pakistanis against West Pakistan. [2]
(c) State the year in which East Pakistan became independent. [1]
(a) Bangladesh. [1] (b) Any two linked points: East Pakistan had a population majority but was under-represented in central government/army; revenue earned from jute was spent disproportionately in West Pakistan; development and industry were concentrated in West Pakistan; Bengali language/culture was not treated equally. [2] (c) 1971. [1]
(a) Bangladesh. [1] (b) Any two linked points: East Pakistan had a population majority but was under-represented in central government/army; revenue earned from jute was spent disproportionately in West Pakistan; development and industry were concentrated in West Pakistan; Bengali language/culture was not treated equally. [2] (c) 1971. [1]
Question 14 Report
Figurative evidence from an 1885 Calcutta newspaper reports the formation of the Indian National Congress. Its organisers claimed to speak for all people of India and asked the British state for a greater Indian role in government. A museum guide asks visitors to consider why Sir Syed Ahmad Khan advised Muslims not to join this new movement at first. Your answer should refer to political conditions in the subcontinent.
(a) Identify the city in which the Congress was founded. [1]
(b) Explain two reasons for Sir Syed's opposition to Congress membership by Muslims. [4]
(c) Explain one way in which his view affected later Muslim political organisation. [4]
(a) Calcutta [1] (b) Any two: Muslims were educationally and economically behind Hindus and could not compete fairly [2]; representative government based on numbers would allow the Hindu majority to dominate [2]; Congress was seen as mainly Hindu in leadership and priorities [2]; Muslims needed cooperation with the British state to improve their position [2]. (c) It encouraged Muslims to organise separately to protect their interests [2]; this helped create support for an all-India Muslim political body, culminating in the Muslim League in 1906 [2].
(a) Calcutta [1] (b) Any two: Muslims were educationally and economically behind Hindus and could not compete fairly [2]; representative government based on numbers would allow the Hindu majority to dominate [2]; Congress was seen as mainly Hindu in leadership and priorities [2]; Muslims needed cooperation with the British state to improve their position [2]. (c) It encouraged Muslims to organise separately to protect their interests [2]; this helped create support for an all-India Muslim political body, culminating in the Muslim League in 1906 [2].
Question 15 Report
A researcher has found a copy of an agreement made after the Muslim capture of a Sindh town. It says that non-Muslims could keep their religion if they paid jizya and accepted Muslim authority. The researcher is studying whether this policy gave the early Muslim administration practical reasons for stability, rather than only religious reasons.
(a) Identify the tax paid by non-Muslims under this arrangement. [1]
(b) Describe two ways in which tolerant treatment could help Muslim rulers govern Sindh. [2]
(c) Explain why this policy may have encouraged some people to accept Islam over time. [2]
(a) Jizya [1] (b) Any two: reduced resistance or rebellion [1]; allowed local officials and farmers to continue their work [1]; maintained tax income [1]; avoided the cost of forcing conversion [1] (c) Converts no longer paid jizya [1]; equality within the Muslim community or attraction to Islamic beliefs and justice could make conversion more appealing [1]
(a) Jizya [1] (b) Any two: reduced resistance or rebellion [1]; allowed local officials and farmers to continue their work [1]; maintained tax income [1]; avoided the cost of forcing conversion [1] (c) Converts no longer paid jizya [1]; equality within the Muslim community or attraction to Islamic beliefs and justice could make conversion more appealing [1]
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