WAEC SSCE - Biology - 2020

The diagram is an illustration of a part of a flower. Study it and answer the question below;

The function of the part labeled I is 

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The function of the part labeled I is to receive the pollen grain. Part I, which is called the stigma, is the top part of the female reproductive structure of a flower called the pistil. The stigma is covered with a sticky substance that allows it to capture pollen grains that are transferred from the male reproductive structure, the anther, either by wind, insects or other means. Once the pollen grain has landed on the stigma, it can then germinate and produce a pollen tube that grows down through the style, which is the narrow part of the pistil connecting the stigma to the ovary. This allows the male gametes in the pollen to reach the ovules in the ovary, leading to double fertilization and the production of seeds. Therefore, the main function of the stigma is to receive the pollen grain and provide the site for germination and subsequent fertilization. It does not directly attract pollinators, although some flowers may have other structures, such as bright colors or strong scents, to help attract pollinators to the flower.

Use the list of insects below to answer the question below; 

I. Cotton stainer    II. Honeybee     III. Termite       IV. Weevil

The insects whose activities are both beneficial and harmful to humans are;

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Replication of DNA molecules is catalysed by an enzyme called 

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The enzyme that catalyzes the replication of DNA molecules is called polymerase. DNA replication is the process by which a cell makes an exact copy of its DNA. Polymerase is responsible for attaching nucleotides (the building blocks of DNA) in the correct order to form a new strand of DNA. It reads the sequence of nucleotides on the template strand of DNA and adds complementary nucleotides to the new strand, following the base pairing rules (A pairs with T, and C pairs with G). This results in two identical copies of the original DNA molecule, each containing one original strand and one newly synthesized strand. Polymerase plays a crucial role in DNA replication, and without it, cells would not be able to divide and pass on their genetic information to their offspring.

The diagram above illustrates an ecological instrument. Study it and answer the question below;

A disadvantage of the abiotic factor measured by the instrument is that it

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The respiratory organ of a cockroach

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The respiratory organ of a cockroach is the trachea. A trachea is a series of tubes that bring air into the body of an insect. The air enters the trachea and then travels to the tissues where it is used to provide oxygen to the cells. The trachea is a simple and efficient system that allows insects like the cockroach to breathe and get the oxygen they need to survive.

Which of the following diseases can be inherited?

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Out of the given options, only sickle cell anemia can be inherited. Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the gene that codes for hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells that carries oxygen. Individuals inherit two copies of this gene, one from each parent. When both copies of the gene are mutated, as in sickle cell anemia, the shape of the red blood cells changes, causing them to become stiff and curved instead of round and flexible. This can lead to a range of health problems, including anemia, organ damage, and increased risk of infection. In contrast, pneumonia, whooping cough, and malaria are infectious diseases caused by bacteria or parasites, and are not inherited. Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs, while whooping cough is a highly contagious respiratory infection. Malaria is a disease caused by a parasite that is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes.

Use the following Classes of Arthropoda to answer the question below

I. Crustacea II. Insecta III. Arachinda IV. Chilopoda

Which members of the classes live mainly in an aquatic habitat?

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The diagram below is an illustration of the longitudinal section of a plant organ. Study it and answer the question below;

The part labeled i is the 

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Which of the following statements about chromosomes is correct?

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The statement that is correct is "The number present in a specie is constant." Chromosomes are structures made of DNA molecules that carry genetic information in living organisms. Each species has a specific number of chromosomes, which is constant and unique to that species. For example, humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, while dogs have 39 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes come in different shapes and sizes, and their appearance can differ between species, so the statement that "All the chromosomes of a species are the same shape" is incorrect. Chromosomes are not neatly arranged in the cytoplasm, but instead, they are found in the nucleus of a cell. The nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear membrane that separates the chromosomes from the cytoplasm. Finally, chromosomes do not bear ribosomes on their outer membranes. Ribosomes are tiny structures in the cytoplasm that are responsible for synthesizing proteins. They are not located on the outer membranes of chromosomes.

The part of the mammalian kidney that stores urine is the 

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The part of the mammalian kidney that stores urine is the bladder. The bladder is a muscular sac that is located in the lower part of the abdomen. It receives urine from the kidneys through two tubes called ureters and stores it until it is expelled from the body through another tube called the urethra during urination. The capsule is a thin layer that covers the kidney, the medulla is the innermost part of the kidney, and the pelvis is a funnel-shaped structure that collects urine from the kidney and connects it to the ureters.

Conservation of natural resources does not 

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Conservation of natural resources does not threaten the survival of species. In fact, it helps to protect and preserve different species and their habitats, ensuring their survival for future generations. Conservation efforts aim to maintain a balance between human use and protection of natural resources, so that both people and the environment can benefit. By preserving the beauty of nature, conservation also attracts tourists, adding to the local economy. Overall, conservation of natural resources is an important step towards a sustainable future for both people and the planet.

The table below shows the number of some organisms in habitats W and Y. Study it to answer the question below;

What type of habitat is W?

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Based on the table, it appears that habitat W is a pond. This is because there are aquatic organisms such as plankton, water flea, and tilapia present in the habitat, but no antelope, lions, or grass, which would be more commonly found in a terrestrial environment like a desert or rainforest.

The mutualism type of relationship is different from a parasitic relationship because in mutualism

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The diagram below is an illustration of the longitudinal section of a plant organ. Study it and answer the question below;

The plant is a? 

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Based on the provided diagram, the plant organ shown is a bulb. A bulb is a type of underground plant stem that stores food for the plant. It has a short stem with fleshy storage leaves or scales attached to it. The diagram shows a short stem with several fleshy storage leaves or scales arranged in a concentric manner, forming a bulb-like structure. This storage structure allows the plant to survive adverse environmental conditions by storing nutrients for future use. Therefore, the plant organ in the diagram is a bulb.

The cell as the basic unit of life consists of 

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The cell is the basic unit of life because it is the smallest unit of living matter that can carry out all the functions necessary for life. All living things are made up of cells, and each cell has certain components that allow it to carry out its functions. The two most important components of a cell are the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The nucleus contains the cell's genetic material, which controls the cell's functions and determines what the cell will become. The cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance that fills the cell and contains all the other components necessary for the cell's function, such as organelles like mitochondria and ribosomes. Some cells, such as plant cells, also have a cell wall that surrounds the cell membrane and gives the cell structure and protection. Additionally, plant cells may also have a large central vacuole that stores water, nutrients, and waste products. Therefore, the correct option is "cytoplasm and nucleus" as these two components are essential for a cell to function and carry out its basic processes.

A company was prohibited from producing bags made from natural leopard skin. This is an attempt to conserve 

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The prohibition on producing bags made from natural leopard skin is an attempt to conserve wildlife. Leopards are animals that live in the wild, and their population is threatened by hunting and poaching. By prohibiting the production of bags made from leopard skin, the government or authority is trying to prevent the killing of leopards and protect their population. This conservation effort is necessary to maintain the balance of the ecosystem and prevent the extinction of species.

Soil with the finest texture is?

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The reagent used in testing for carbon (IV) oxide is 

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The reagent used in testing for carbon (IV) oxide is lime water. Lime water is a clear solution made by dissolving calcium hydroxide in water. When carbon (IV) oxide is bubbled through lime water, it turns milky white due to the formation of calcium carbonate. This reaction is a simple and easy way to detect the presence of carbon (IV) oxide in the air or in a gas sample.

The part of the cetral nervous system that controls unconscious actions in humans is the 

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The part of the central nervous system that controls unconscious actions in humans is the cerebellum. The cerebellum is located at the back of the brain and is responsible for coordinating and regulating unconscious movements and balance, such as walking, running, and standing upright. It receives information from the sensory systems in the body, as well as from other parts of the brain, and uses this information to fine-tune and adjust movements. While the cerebrum is responsible for conscious actions and decision-making, the cerebellum is in charge of many of our automatic, involuntary movements. For example, you don't have to consciously think about how to move your legs while walking, but your cerebellum is constantly working to make sure your movements are coordinated and balanced.

In an experiment, mould and yeast cells were transferred into an environment with low oxygen concentration. After a few days, the mould dies while the yeast cells did not. Which of the following statements best explains the following observation.

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The table below shows the number of some organisms in habitats W and Y. Study it to answer the question below;

The number of lions and antelops in habitat Y shows that the lion 

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Based on the information provided in the table, we can see that there are no antelopes in habitat W, but there are 51 antelopes in habitat Y. On the other hand, there are no lions in habitat Y, but there are 6 lions in habitat W. This suggests that lions are the predators in this ecosystem, while antelopes are the prey. In other words, lions hunt and eat antelopes to survive. Therefore, the correct answer is "is the predator while the antelope is the prey".

The diagram above is an illustration of the longitudinal section of a plant organ. Study to answer the question below.

Food is stored in the part labeled 

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A child that can receive blood donation from anybody belongs to the blood group 

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Variation which exhibits a wide range from one extreme to the other is 

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Continuous variation is a type of variation that exhibits a wide range from one extreme to the other. This means that there is a smooth and gradual change in the characteristics of a particular trait from one individual to the next. For example, height in a population can be considered a continuous variation, as there is no clear cutoff between short and tall individuals, but rather a gradual change from one to the other.

The first stable product of photosynthesis is

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The first stable product of photosynthesis is glucose. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce glucose, which is a type of sugar that plants use as a source of energy. During the process of photosynthesis, light energy is used to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. Glucose is considered the first stable product of photosynthesis because it is the first molecule produced that is able to be stored and used by the plant for energy. Starch, fructose, and sucrose are all types of sugars that can be produced from glucose, but they are not the first stable product of photosynthesis. Glucose is the primary molecule produced during photosynthesis, and it is then converted into other forms of sugar for storage or transport within the plant.

Oxygen comes out of the stomata during photosynthesis through the process known as 

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Oxygen comes out of the stomata during photosynthesis through the process known as diffusion. Diffusion is a natural process where molecules move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration until they are evenly spread out. In photosynthesis, oxygen is produced in the leaves by the plant cells during the light-dependent reactions. The oxygen diffuses out of the plant cell into the surrounding air through the stomata, which are small pores on the surface of the leaf. The stomata open and close to allow for gas exchange, and when they are open, the oxygen can easily diffuse out into the atmosphere. Diffusion does not require energy from the plant and occurs naturally due to the concentration gradient.

Use the following Classes of Arthropoda to answer the question below

I. Crustacea II. Insecta III. Arachinda IV. Chilopoda

Which of the classes is characterised by the possession of two pairs of antennae?

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The diagram is an illustration of an experimental set-up. Study it and answer the question;

The set-up directly measure 

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The diagram below is an illustrating of a cross between plants A and B of the same species. Study it to answer the question below;

The process that gave rise to the F1 generation is 

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The process that gave rise to the F1 generation in the diagram is cross-fertilization. This is because plant ! and plant B are different plants of the same species, and they were intentionally bred (crossed) by a human or other means to produce offspring with mixed characteristics, which are the F1 generation.

Cross-fertilization involves transferring pollen from one plant to another plant, which is different from self-fertilization where a plant can fertilize itself. Therefore, since the diagram shows two different plants being bred to produce the F1 generation, the process that gave rise to the F1 generation is cross-fertilization.

Use the list of insects below to answer the question below; 

I. Cotton stainer    II. Honeybee     III. Termite       IV. Weevil

Which of the insects destroys grains?

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The insect that destroys grains is the weevil. Weevils are a type of beetle that lay their eggs inside grains such as rice, wheat, and corn. When the eggs hatch, the larvae feed on the inside of the grain, causing damage and reducing the quality of the grain. Weevils are common pests in grain storage facilities, and can also infest grains in households if they are not properly stored in airtight containers. So, if you see small holes in your stored grains, or notice a fine powder in the package, there is a chance that they have been infested by weevils.

The diagram below is an illustration of an ecological instrument. Study it an answer the question below;

When the instrument is in use, it is usually 

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The diagram below is an illustration of a cross between plants A and B of the same species. Study it and answer the question below;

If the F1 generation are plants with high yield and resistance, the genotype of the F1 generation plants would be 

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An example of a trace elements is

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The organism with spiral chloroplasts and nucleus suspended by cytoplasmic strands is

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Measurements of height and weight of students in a class show 

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Measurements of height and weight of students in a class show continuous variation. Continuous variation refers to the variation in traits that can take any value within a range. In the case of height and weight, there is a wide range of values that students can have. Some students may be tall and thin, while others may be short and heavy. This continuous variation is due to the interaction of multiple genes and environmental factors that influence growth and development. The information provided in the question does not indicate whether shortness is more prevalent or if fatness is less prevalent. It only describes the type of variation observed in the measurements of height and weight of students. Therefore, we cannot conclude anything about the prevalence of shortness or fatness in the class based on the given information.

The table below shows the number of some organisms in habitats W and Y. Study it to answer the question below;

Which of the following statements about habitat W is correct? The 

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The diagram below is an illustration of an experimental set-up. Study it and answer the question below;

The set-up can measure comparatively the rae of 

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The set-up can measure comparatively the rate of transpiration of a single shoot of a plant under different experimental conditions. Transpiration is the process of water movement through a plant and its evaporation from aerial parts, primarily from the leaves. In the illustration, the plant shoot is enclosed in a container, and the amount of water lost from the shoot is measured. By changing the experimental conditions, such as the temperature or humidity, and measuring the transpiration rate under each set of conditions, the set-up can be used to compare the rates of transpiration under different conditions for a single shoot of a plant.

Which of the following tissues does not provide support in flowering plants?

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Parenchyma tissue does not provide support in flowering plants. Parenchyma cells are the most common type of plant cells, and they are involved in various functions such as photosynthesis, storage, and secretion. They are usually loosely packed with thin cell walls, which make them flexible and able to adapt to different shapes and sizes. Collenchyma tissue, on the other hand, is a type of plant tissue that provides mechanical support to the plant. Collenchyma cells have thickened cell walls that are capable of stretching and elongating as the plant grows, which helps to support the plant. Xylem and phloem are also plant tissues that provide support to the plant. Xylem is responsible for transporting water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant, while phloem is responsible for transporting sugars and other organic molecules from the leaves to other parts of the plant. Therefore, the correct answer is Parenchyma, which does not provide support in flowering plants. It is mainly involved in metabolic processes and does not have the necessary structural features to support the plant.

The diagram below is an illustration of a part of a flower. Study it and answer the question below.

The part labeled II is the 

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Which of the following materials is not a living semi-permeable membrane?

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A semi-permeable membrane is a barrier that allows some substances to pass through, but not others. All living cells have semi-permeable membranes that regulate the exchange of substances between the cell and its environment. Out of the four options, the material that is not a living semi-permeable membrane is "sheet of cellophane". Cellophane is a synthetic, non-living material that is often used as a packaging material or for wrapping food. It does not have the ability to regulate the exchange of substances like a living semi-permeable membrane.

Who proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection 

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The theory of evolution by natural selection was proposed by Charles Darwin, an English naturalist, in his book "On the Origin of Species" published in 1859. Darwin's theory suggests that all species of organisms have descended over time from common ancestors through a process he called natural selection. In simple terms, Darwin's theory states that within a population, there is variation in traits that can be inherited. Some of these traits may give individuals an advantage in surviving and reproducing in their environment, while others may not. Individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and pass those traits on to their offspring, while individuals with less advantageous traits are less likely to survive and reproduce. Over time, this process can lead to the evolution of new species as those with advantageous traits become more prevalent in the population. While other scientists, including Lamarck and Aristotle, had proposed ideas about how species could change over time, Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection provided a comprehensive explanation supported by extensive evidence from his travels and observations of various species.

The excretory product of some reptiles, birds and insects is

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The excretory product of some reptiles, birds and insects is uric acid. Uric acid is a waste product that is produced when the body breaks down food. Unlike mammals, which excrete waste products as urine, reptiles, birds and insects excrete waste products as uric acid. This is because they have a more efficient system for conserving water, which is important for species living in arid environments. The uric acid is solid and is excreted as white, crystalline deposits that can be seen in the feces of these animals. This type of excretion is also known as "dry excretion".

The network of double membrane that conveys materials through the cytoplasm is the 

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The network of double membrane that conveys materials through the cytoplasm is called the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER). The ER is an important organelle in the cell and is made up of a network of flattened, sac-like structures that are surrounded by two membranes. This double membrane system helps to transport materials, such as proteins and lipids, from one part of the cell to another. The ER also plays a role in maintaining the cell's shape and in controlling the levels of calcium ions in the cytoplasm. In summary, the ER is an important transport network in the cell that helps to maintain the cell's structure and regulate its functions.

The properties of endocrine system include the following except 

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The properties of the endocrine system are: 1. Secretion of hormones 2. Transportation by blood to target organs 3. Having a specific effect The property that is not included in the endocrine system is the release of secretion into ducts. Unlike exocrine glands that release their secretions into ducts, endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. These hormones travel through the bloodstream to target organs where they bind to specific receptors and initiate a response. The endocrine system plays an important role in regulating various physiological processes in the body, such as metabolism, growth and development, and reproduction, among others.

The depletion of the ozone layer will result in the earth surface receiving more

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The depletion of the ozone layer can result in the earth's surface receiving more ultraviolet (UV) rays. Ozone is a gas that exists naturally in the Earth's upper atmosphere, and it helps to filter out harmful UV rays from the sun. When human-made chemicals like chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are released into the atmosphere, they can react with ozone molecules, causing the ozone layer to become thinner. As the ozone layer becomes thinner, more UV rays can reach the Earth's surface. UV rays are a type of radiation that can be harmful to living organisms. They can cause skin cancer, cataracts, and other health problems in humans, as well as damage to crops and other plants. In summary, the depletion of the ozone layer can result in the earth's surface receiving more harmful ultraviolet rays, which can have negative effects on human health and the environment.

What happens when the ciliary muscles of the eye contract? The 

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Which of the following statements about a mixture of a protein-digesting enzyme and starch solution would be correct? The protein-digesting enzyme

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Which of the following statements best explains the reason why termites swarm at night?

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Which of the following substances is not a conservable natural resource?

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The position occupied by an organism in food chain is the

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The position occupied by an organism in a food chain is called a trophic level. A food chain is a series of organisms that are connected by the transfer of energy and nutrients through eating and being eaten. Trophic levels refer to the different levels in the food chain where organisms get their energy from. For example, plants occupy the first trophic level because they are at the bottom of the food chain and produce their own energy through photosynthesis. Herbivores, which eat plants, occupy the second trophic level. Carnivores, which eat herbivores, occupy the third trophic level, and so on. Each trophic level is higher up the food chain and receives less energy from the previous level. In this way, the trophic level of an organism helps to describe its role in the food chain and the source of its energy.

(a) Explain briefly how the human ear carries out its function of balancing.

(b) (i) make a drawing 8 cm - 10 cm long of the structure of the human ear and label fully.

(ii) Describe briefly the structure of the middle ear in humans.

 __________
|  Pinna   |
|__________|
|  Auditory|
|  canal   |
|__________|
| Tympanic |
|  membrane|
|__________|
|  Malleus |
|__________|
|  Incus   |
|__________|
|  Stapes  |
|__________|
| Oval window|
|___________|
| Cochlea   |

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(a) The human ear is responsible for maintaining balance, also known as vestibular function. This is achieved through the vestibular system, which is comprised of three semi-circular canals and the utricle and saccule in the inner ear. These organs work together to detect changes in head position and movements, and to send signals to the brain to help maintain balance.

(b) (i) Here is a labeled drawing of the structure of the human ear:

 __________
|  Pinna   |
|__________|
|  Auditory|
|  canal   |
|__________|
| Tympanic |
|  membrane|
|__________|
|  Malleus |
|__________|
|  Incus   |
|__________|
|  Stapes  |
|__________|
| Oval window|
|___________|
| Cochlea   |

Pinna: The outer visible part of the ear
Auditory canal: A narrow passage that leads to the tympanic membrane
Tympanic membrane: Also known as the eardrum, it vibrates in response to sound waves
Malleus: The first of three small bones in the middle ear, it is attached to the tympanic membrane
Incus: The second of three small bones in the middle ear, it transmits vibrations from the malleus to the stapes
Stapes: The third and smallest of the three bones in the middle ear, it transmits vibrations from the incus to the oval window
Oval window: An opening in the inner ear that leads to the cochlea
Cochlea: A spiral-shaped organ in the inner ear that converts vibrations into nerve impulses that are sent to the brain

(b) (ii) The middle ear is the space behind the tympanic membrane and is connected to the back of the throat by the Eustachian tube. The middle ear contains three small bones, the malleus, incus, and stapes, which are collectively known as the ossicles. These bones work together to transmit sound vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear. The middle ear also contains the tensor tympani muscle and the stapedius muscle, which help to regulate the volume of sound entering the inner ear.

TEST OF PRACTICAL KNOWLEDGE QUESTION

1. Study Specimens B, C and D and answer questions 1(a) To 1(f).

(a) i) Place two drops of specimen B on a white tile and add two drops of iodine solution.

Complete the table below with the test, observation and inference:

(aii) Put 5 ml of specimen B into a test tube and add 2 ml of sodium hydroxide solution followed by three drops of copper (ii) tetraoxosulphate (VI) solution and shake Complete the table below with the test, observation and inference.

(b) Give the name of each of the tests in 1(a)i) and 1(a)(ii). (i) ____________   (ii) _____________

(c) State two ways by which specimen C is of economic importance.

(d)(i) Name the Kingdom to (1) (ii) which specimen C belongs. (ii) State three reasons for the. answer in 1(d)(i). (iii) Name four other organisms that belong to the same Kingdom as specimen C.

(ei) Name the Phylum to which specimen D belongs. (ii) State three reasons for the answer in 1(d)(i).

(f)(i) Explain briefly the role of specimen C in nutrient cycling. (ii) What is the mode of nutrition of specimen C.

Answer Details

1.

(a)

(i) Place two drops of specimen B on a white tile and add two drops of iodine solution.

Complete table below with the test, observation and inference:

(b) Name of Test:

(i) lodine test/test for starch

(ii) Biuret test/test for protein.

(c) Economic Importance of Specimen C/Mushroom

-Facilitates nutrient cycling.

-Facilitates decay.

-Used as -Source of income/employment.

-Manufacture of drugs. food/source of food 

(d)

(i) Kingdom of Specimen C: Fungi/Mycota:

(ii) Reason for Kingdom of Specimen C: 

-Lacks chlorophyll.

-Is filamentous.

-Reproduces (asexually) by spores/conjugation.

-Has hyphae/mycelium of cellulose cell wall/chitin/glucans/protein.

-Saprophytic/heterotrophic nutrition.

(iii) Other organisms that belong to the Kingdom of Specimen C: Mucor/Mould:

-Aspergillus

-Yeast

-Rhizopus; toadstool

-Puffball:

-Puccinia/black rust/rust

-Smut

-Penicillium

-Bracket fungus

-Pythium fungus.

(e)

(i) Phylum of Specimen D/Giant Land Snail: Mollusca.

(ii) Reason for Phylum of Specimen D:

-Has shell; -Has tentacles

-Body divided into head, Viscera hump and muscular foot;

- Muscular foot

-Has a mantle/mantel.

(f) Role of Specimen C in Nutrient Cycling:

-They are decomposers

-They release nutrients into the soil

-Which plants absorb for growth

-Herbivore feed on plants.

(ii) Mode of nutrition of Specimen C: Saprophytic 

(a)(i) What is a deficiency disease?

(ii) Complete the table below by naming five nutrient deficiency diseases in humans and stating one remedy for each of the diseases.

(b) Outline a chemical test for (i) Starch in a tuber of yam (ii) Glucose in orange fruit

Answer Details

(a)(i) A deficiency disease is a medical condition caused by the lack of a specific nutrient in the diet, which results in symptoms or illness.

(a)(ii)

(b)(i) Chemical test for starch in a tuber of yam:

Take a small piece of yam and add a few drops of iodine solution (iodine in potassium iodide). If the yam contains starch, it will turn blue-black in color.

(b)(ii) Chemical test for glucose in orange fruit:

Add a few drops of Benedict's reagent to a small amount of orange juice. Heat the mixture for a few minutes in a water bath. If glucose is present in the orange juice, the mixture will turn from blue to orange-red. The intensity of the color indicates the amount of glucose present.

(a) Explain briefly; (i) independent assortment of genes (ii) the reason blood group O in humans can only exist in homozygous form while blood groups A and B can exist both in homozygous and heterozygous forms.

(b) Complete the table below by naming the classes of vertebrates in their evolutionary trend and giving one example each of the classes.

Answer Details

(a)

(i) Independent assortment of genes refers to the way that different genes for different traits are inherited independently of each other. This means that the inheritance of one gene does not influence the inheritance of another gene. This is because each gene is located on a separate chromosome, and during meiosis, each chromosome pair segregates independently of other pairs. Therefore, the distribution of one gene to a gamete does not influence the distribution of another gene.

(ii) Blood group O in humans can only exist in a homozygous form (OO) because it is recessive to both blood group A and B. Blood group A and B are codominant, meaning that they can be expressed in both homozygous and heterozygous forms. For example, someone with blood group A can have the genotype AA or AO, while someone with blood group B can have the genotype BB or BO. However, since blood group O is recessive, it can only be expressed in the homozygous form (OO) since the presence of one dominant allele (A or B) will always result in the expression of that dominant allele.

(b)

The table above shows the classes of vertebrates arranged in their evolutionary trend, starting from the most primitive to the most advanced.

• Agnatha refers to jawless fish, and the lamprey is an example of this class.
• Chondrichthyes refers to cartilaginous fish, such as sharks.
• Osteichthyes refers to bony fish, such as trout.
• Amphibia refers to animals that live both on land and in water, such as frogs.
• Reptilia refers to animals that lay eggs on land and have dry, scaly skin, such as crocodiles.
• Aves refers to birds, and an example of this class is the pigeon.
• Mammalia refers to animals that have mammary glands and hair, and humans are an example of this class.

By understanding the different classes of vertebrates and their characteristics, we can better understand the diversity of life on Earth and how different species have evolved over time.

(a) Explain briefly the following types of fertilization in animals; (i) external fertilization (ii) internal fertilization 

(b) Name two groups of animal each that exhibit the types of fertilization in (a)

(c)(i) If the placenta in a pregnant woman is detached from the uterine wall, give three effect this will have on the foetus 

(ii) Name three other features in the uterus of a pregnant woman that are useful for the development of the foetus

(d) Explain briefly how the activities of organisms bring bout dynamic equilibrium in the habitat.

(e) State four problems that organisms in the intertidal zone of a marine habitat could encounter.

(f) Explain briefly the reasons that the following factors are necessary for germination; (i) moisture (ii) viable seeds 

(g) Explain briefly the reason light energy is considered a limiting factor in the production of foods by autotrophs.

Answer Details

(a)

(i) External fertilization is the type of fertilization where the eggs are fertilized by sperm outside the female's body. This is common in aquatic animals like fish, amphibians, and some invertebrates.

(ii) Internal fertilization is the type of fertilization where the sperm fertilizes the eggs inside the female's body. This is common in mammals, reptiles, birds, and some insects.

(b)

Two groups of animals that exhibit external fertilization are fish and amphibians. Two groups of animals that exhibit internal fertilization are mammals and reptiles.

(c)

(i) If the placenta detaches from the uterine wall, this can have three effects on the fetus:

• Reduced oxygen and nutrient supply to the fetus, which can lead to growth restriction and developmental problems.
• Increased risk of bleeding for the mother, which can be life-threatening.
• Increased risk of premature birth, as the detachment of the placenta can trigger labor.

(ii) Three other features in the uterus of a pregnant woman that are useful for the development of the fetus include:

• The amniotic fluid, which provides a protective environment for the fetus and helps regulate temperature.
• The umbilical cord, which provides the fetus with oxygen and nutrients from the mother.
• The uterus itself, which expands to accommodate the growing fetus and helps protect it from physical trauma.

(d)

Dynamic equilibrium in a habitat refers to a state of balance between the living and non-living elements of an ecosystem. Organisms play a crucial role in maintaining this balance by carrying out activities such as photosynthesis, respiration, predation, and decomposition. These activities help regulate the levels of carbon dioxide, oxygen, and other important substances in the environment.

(e)

Four problems that organisms in the intertidal zone of a marine habitat could encounter are:

• Exposure to changes in temperature and salinity as the tides come in and go out.
• Exposure to extreme conditions such as drying out at low tide and being underwater at high tide.
• Competition for limited resources such as food and space.
• Threats from predators such as birds and sea stars.

(f)

(i) Moisture is necessary for germination because seeds need water to begin the process of germination. Water activates the enzymes in the seed and starts the metabolic processes that lead to growth.

(ii) Viable seeds are necessary for germination because only seeds that are capable of growing into a plant will germinate. Seeds that are not viable, for example due to disease or damage, will not germinate.

(g)

Light energy is considered a limiting factor in the production of food by autotrophs because it is an essential component of photosynthesis. Autotrophs, like plants