JAMB UTME - Government - 2023

Which of the following was a significant trade commodity in the pre-colonial Kingdom of Benin?

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In the pre-colonial Kingdom of Benin, one of the significant trade commodities was ivory. Ivory refers to the hard, white material obtained from the tusks of certain animals, mainly elephants.
Ivory was highly valued in the Kingdom of Benin and was a major trade item. It was used to create intricate and beautiful sculptures, carvings, and ornaments, which were highly sought after by people across different regions. The skilled artisans and craftsmen of Benin were known for their exceptional carving abilities, and they created stunning works of art using ivory.
The Kingdom of Benin had access to a large supply of ivory, as the region was home to a significant population of elephants. The ivory trade brought wealth and prosperity to the kingdom, as it allowed the Benin people to engage in lucrative trade networks with neighboring regions and even faraway lands.
The demand for ivory was fueled by its rarity, beauty, and durability. It was used for various purposes such as personal adornment, as well as for religious and ceremonial objects. Ivory was also considered a symbol of status and wealth, and it was often used by the ruling elite to demonstrate their power and authority.
Overall, ivory played a vital role in the economy of the pre-colonial Kingdom of Benin, serving as a valuable trade commodity and contributing to the kingdom's cultural and artistic achievements.

Which of the following African leaders played a significant role in the formation of NEPAD?

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Nelson Mandela and Muammar Gaddafi played a significant role in the formation of NEPAD, which stands for New Partnership for Africa's Development. NEPAD is an African Union strategic framework for socio-economic development in Africa.
Nelson Mandela, as the former President of South Africa, was one of the key proponents of NEPAD. He championed the cause of sustainable development in Africa, emphasizing the need for African countries to take charge of their own development agenda. Mandela believed that African leaders should work together to address the challenges facing the continent and promote economic growth.
Muammar Gaddafi, the former President of Libya, also played an instrumental role in the establishment of NEPAD. Gaddafi advocated for African unity and self-reliance, and he sought to promote economic cooperation and integration among African nations. He provided financial support to NEPAD and encouraged other African leaders to embrace the initiative.
Together, Mandela and Gaddafi contributed to the development and implementation of NEPAD's programs and policies, which aim to eradicate poverty, promote sustainable growth, and enhance Africa's integration into the global economy. They recognized the importance of African-led solutions to the challenges faced by the continent and worked towards fostering cooperation and partnership among African nations.
In summary, both Nelson Mandela and Muammar Gaddafi played significant roles in the formation of NEPAD, their efforts and support were crucial in promoting African development and fostering collaboration among African nations.

which pre-colonial Nigerian Kingdom was known for its artistic and cultural achievement?

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The Benin Kingdom was known for its artistic and cultural achievements in pre-colonial Nigeria. The kingdom was located in what is now southern Nigeria and was known for its highly skilled bronze and brass artwork. The Benin people were skilled craftsmen who created intricately designed sculptures, plaques, and masks. The artistic achievements of the Benin Kingdom were highly regarded both within Nigeria and beyond. Their artwork displayed rich cultural meaning and often depicted themes of power, royalty, and spiritual beliefs. The kingdom's rulers used art to showcase their wealth and status, commissioning impressive works to adorn their palaces and courtyards. One notable example of Benin art is the famous Benin Bronze plaques. These plaques were made using the lost-wax casting technique and depicted various scenes from the kingdom's history, including important events, rituals, and court ceremonies. They were highly detailed and served as a visual record of the kingdom's traditions and achievements. The Benin Kingdom also had a well-developed court system and had a strong centralized political structure. This allowed for the patronage of artists and the development of a distinct artistic style that was unique to the kingdom. In summary, the Benin Kingdom stood out among other pre-colonial Nigerian kingdoms for its artistic and cultural achievements. Its skilled craftsmen produced intricate bronze and brass artwork, such as the famous Benin Bronze plaques. These artworks served as symbols of power and wealth for the kingdom's rulers and provided a visual representation of the kingdom's history and cultural traditions.

In a parliamentary system, the head of government is usually the

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In a parliamentary system, the head of government is usually the prime minister.
The prime minister is the leader of the political party or coalition that has the majority in the parliament. They are responsible for running the day-to-day affairs of the government and making important decisions.
Unlike a president, who is elected separately from the parliament, the prime minister is chosen by the members of the parliament. This means that the prime minister is accountable to the parliament and can be removed from office if they lose the support of the majority of the members.
The role of the prime minister is crucial in a parliamentary system as they represent the executive branch of government and serve as the main link between the parliament and the monarch or president. They are responsible for proposing and implementing laws, managing the government's policies, and representing the country in international affairs.

In which system of government is the executive and legislature fused?

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The system of government where the executive and legislature are fused is the Cabinet system. In this system, the executive branch of the government is led by the Prime Minister and their Cabinet, who are also Members of Parliament.
The executive and legislative powers are intertwined in the Cabinet system. The Prime Minister and their Cabinet members are responsible for creating policies, proposing laws, and implementing them. They are not only political leaders but also lawmakers.
In the Cabinet system, the Prime Minister is chosen by the legislature. Generally, the leader of the political party or coalition that has the majority in the legislature becomes the Prime Minister. This means that the executive branch is directly accountable to the legislature and can be removed from power if they lose the confidence of the legislature through a vote of no-confidence.
The Cabinet system offers a quicker decision-making process. Since the executive and legislature are fused, the policy-making process is streamlined. The members of the Cabinet can propose and discuss policies directly in the legislature, making it easier to pass laws and implement them efficiently.
In summary, the Cabinet system is a form of government where the executive and legislature are merged. The Prime Minister and their Cabinet members lead both the executive branch and the legislative branch of the government. This system offers a faster decision-making process and direct accountability to the legislature.

Which African country experienced a violent resistance movement against British colonial rule known as the Mau Mau rebellion?

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The African country that experienced a violent resistance movement against British colonial rule is Kenya. This resistance movement was known as the Mau Mau rebellion.
The Mau Mau rebellion took place between 1952 and 1960 in Kenya, which was at that time a British colony. The Mau Mau was a secret society made up mainly of Kikuyu people. They opposed British rule and the social and economic inequalities it brought.
The rebellion was driven by a desire for land rights, political representation, and freedom. The Mau Mau fighters launched a series of attacks against British colonial forces, settler farmers, and those who they saw as collaborators with the British.
The British responded with a strategy of repression, including the use of military force, detention camps, torture, and forced resettlement. The goal of the British was to crush the rebellion and maintain control over Kenya.
The Mau Mau rebellion was a significant event in Kenya's history, ultimately leading to Kenya's independence from British colonial rule. It also highlighted the injustices and inequalities faced by the Kenyan people. Today, the Mau Mau rebellion is seen as a symbol of resistance and struggle for freedom in Kenya's history.

What is the primary source of revenue for the local government in Nigeria?

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The primary source of revenue for local governments in Nigeria is the Federal government allocations. This is because a significant portion of the revenue generated by the country is distributed among the three tiers of government - federal, state, and local government. While local governments can generate revenue through taxes, the bulk of their funding comes from federal allocations.

The process of selecting candidates to represent a political party in elections is known as

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The process of selecting candidates to represent a political party in elections is known as primaries.
During primaries, party members have the opportunity to vote and choose their preferred candidate from a pool of potential candidates within their own party. Primaries are conducted to determine who will ultimately represent the party in the general election.
This process allows party members to have a say in selecting the candidate who will best represent their party's values, policies, and aspirations. It plays a crucial role in ensuring that the candidate chosen by the party aligns with the party's goals and ideology.
Primaries can be open or closed, depending on the rules of each state or political party. In open primaries, any registered voter can participate, regardless of party affiliation. In closed primaries, only registered party members can participate.
Candidates often engage in campaigning and electioneering during the primaries. Campaigning involves various activities such as public speaking, debates, rallies, advertising, and reaching out to potential supporters to gather votes. Electioneering refers to the activities carried out to influence voters and gain their support.
While lobbying also plays a role in the political process, it is not specifically related to the selection of candidates in primaries. Lobbying involves influencing politicians or decision-makers to support a particular cause or policy through various methods, such as persuasion, advocacy, and direct communication.
In conclusion, the process of selecting candidates to represent a political party in elections is known as primaries. It allows party members to actively participate in choosing the candidate who will carry their party's banner in the general election.

The judiciary checks the other arms of government through

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The judiciary checks the other arms of government through judicial review. Judicial review is a process under which executive and legislative actions are subject to review by the judiciary. This is a key aspect of the separation of powers.

Nigeria's foreign policy is influenced by its position as a major exporter of

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Nigeria’s foreign policy is influenced by its position as a major exporter of natural resources. Natural resources are materials or substances that are found in the environment and have economic value. Nigeria is blessed with abundant natural resources such as oil, gas, minerals, and agricultural products.

One of the key factors that influence Nigeria’s foreign policy is its dependence on revenue generated from the export of natural resources. The export of these resources plays a significant role in the country’s economy, as it contributes to foreign exchange earnings, government revenue, and overall economic development.

As a major exporter of natural resources, Nigeria seeks to protect its interests in international relations and promote favorable conditions for the extraction, production, and export of these resources. The country aims to establish strong trade partnerships with other nations to ensure market access and stable prices for its exports.

Additionally, Nigeria's foreign policy is influenced by the need to attract foreign investments and technology transfer in order to develop and diversify its economy beyond dependence on natural resources. This requires building diplomatic relations with other nations, negotiating favorable trade agreements, and promoting international cooperation in areas such as technology exchange, research, and development.

In conclusion, Nigeria's position as a major exporter of natural resources significantly shapes its foreign policy. The country's policies are driven by the need to protect and promote its interests in the export of these resources, attract foreign investments and technology, and ensure economic development and diversification beyond dependence on natural resources.

When there is an election fails to produce a clear winner, the process of determining a winner is called

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When an election fails to produce a clear winner, the process of determining a winner is called a re-run election.
In a regular election, the candidate who receives the most votes or a majority of votes is declared the winner. However, in some cases, none of the candidates are able to secure enough votes to be declared the winner. This can happen if there are multiple candidates and the votes are distributed among them fairly evenly.
In such a scenario, a re-run election is conducted. This means that the election is held again, allowing the voters to cast their votes once more. The purpose of a re-run election is to give the voters another chance to choose a clear winner.
During a re-run election, the same candidates who participated in the original election typically compete again. However, in some cases, new candidates may also join the race. The re-run election follows a similar process as the original election, with the voters casting their votes and the results being tabulated to determine the winner.
The goal of a re-run election is to ensure that the democratic process is fair and that a clear winner is chosen based on the will of the people. It provides an opportunity for voters to reconsider their choices and potentially change the outcome of the election.
It is important to note that a re-run election is different from other terms mentioned. A recall is a process where voters can remove an elected official from office before their term is complete. A bye-election is held to fill a vacant seat in a legislative body. A referendum is a direct vote by the electorate on a specific issue or proposal.
In summary, when an election fails to produce a clear winner, the process of determining a winner is called a re-run election. It gives the voters another opportunity to choose a candidate who can secure enough votes to be declared the winner.

Public corporations and parastatals are typically established by

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Public corporations and parastatals are typically established by legislative acts and statutes.
Legislative acts and statutes are laws that are passed by a governing body, such as a government or legislative assembly. These laws provide the legal framework for the creation and operation of public corporations and parastatals.
When a legislative act or statute is passed, it outlines the purpose, structure, governance, and responsibilities of the public corporation or parastatal. This ensures that they operate within the legal framework and are accountable to the governing body and the public.
The establishment of public corporations and parastatals through legislative acts has several advantages. Firstly, it allows the government to have control over important sectors of the economy, such as transport, energy, or healthcare, to ensure the provision of essential services to the public. Secondly, it provides a legal basis for the government to provide financial support and regulations to these entities. Lastly, legislative acts and statutes help in ensuring transparency and accountability in the operations of public corporations and parastatals.
In contrast, private corporations are typically established by private individuals or groups for profit-making purposes. Trade unions represent the interests of workers in collective bargaining, while international organizations are formed by multiple countries to address global issues. These entities do not have the same legal basis as public corporations and parastatals, and their establishment is not regulated by legislative acts and statutes.

Who amongst the following did not serve as secretary general of the League of nations?

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Josip Broz Tito did not serve as the Secretary General of the League of Nations. The League of Nations was an international organization established after World War I to promote cooperation and prevent conflicts between nations. Its Secretary General was responsible for overseeing the organization's activities and promoting its goals. Sean Lester, Joseph Avenol, and Eric Drummond all served as Secretary General of the League of Nations at different times. However, Josip Broz Tito, who was the leader of Yugoslavia from 1943 to 1980, did not hold this position. It is important to note that the League of Nations was dissolved in 1946 and replaced by the United Nations (UN), which is the current international organization responsible for promoting peace, security, and cooperation among nations.

Which of the following is a function of public commissions?

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Public commissions are responsible for conducting investigations and enquiries. They are established to investigate matters of public concern and to make recommendations based on their findings. They do not implement foreign policies, enforce criminal laws, or manage public transportation.

Which of the following is a right associated with citizenship?

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One of the rights associated with citizenship is the right to vote. This means that as a citizen, you have the privilege to participate in the democratic process by casting your vote in elections to choose your representatives.
Voting is a fundamental right that allows individuals to have a say in the decisions that affect their lives and the direction of their country. It is a way for citizens to express their opinions, support the candidates or parties they believe in, and help shape the future of their society.
Through the right to vote, citizens have the power to elect leaders who will represent their interests, make policies, and govern the country. It is a crucial aspect of a democratic society as it ensures that the government is accountable to its citizens.
Furthermore, the right to vote promotes equality and inclusivity, as it enables every eligible citizen to have an equal voice in the decision-making process, regardless of their race, gender, religion, or socioeconomic status.
In summary, the right to vote is an essential right of citizenship as it allows individuals to participate in the democratic process, choose their representatives, and have a say in shaping the future of their country.

Which of the following is a fundamental principle of democratic governance?

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Citizen Participation is a fundamental principle of democratic governance. It means that individuals have the right and the opportunity to be involved in the decisions and actions that affect their lives and their communities. In a democratic system, citizens have the ability to participate in political processes, such as voting in elections, serving in government or joining political parties. They also have the right to express their opinions, assemble peacefully, and engage in public debate. Citizen participation is important because it ensures that the government is accountable to the people it serves, and it allows for a diversity of perspectives and ideas to be considered in decision-making. It helps to prevent the concentration of power in the hands of a few and promotes fairness, equality, and transparency in governance.

In proportional representatiom electoral system, seats in the legislature are allocated based on

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In a proportional representation electoral system, seats in the legislature are allocated based on the percentage of votes a party receives.
Unlike a winner-takes-all system where the party with the majority of votes takes all the seats, proportional representation aims to distribute seats in a more fair and representative manner based on the overall support received by each political party.
In this system, voters cast their votes for a political party rather than individual candidates. The total number of votes received by each party is then calculated. The percentage of votes that each party receives determines the number of seats they are allocated in the legislature.
For example, if a party receives 40% of the votes, they would be allocated approximately 40% of the seats in the legislature. This ensures that the distribution of seats reflects the overall support each party has among the voters.
This type of electoral system encourages a multiparty system, as parties with smaller but still significant voter support have a chance of securing representation in the legislature. It also allows for a greater diversity of voices and opinions to be heard in the decision-making process.
Overall, proportional representation helps ensure that the composition of the legislature is more reflective of the overall preferences and choices of the voters, promoting a more inclusive and representative democracy.

Which of the following is a characteristic of pressure groups?

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A characteristic of pressure groups is that they represent the interest of a specific section of society.
Pressure groups are organizations or associations formed by individuals who have a common goal or interest. These groups seek to influence the government or public opinion in order to bring about change or protect their interests. Unlike political parties, pressure groups do not aim to gain political power or hold office. Their main focus is on advocating for specific issues or causes that are important to their members.
Pressure groups can represent a wide range of interests, such as environmental conservation, human rights, labor rights, consumer protection, and more. They gather resources, raise awareness, and take action to promote their objectives. These groups can be formed by individuals from all sectors of society including businesses, trade unions, non-profit organizations, and community groups.
By representing a specific section of society, pressure groups provide a voice to those who may not have the means to effectively influence government policies on their own. They work to bring attention to the concerns and demands of their members and attempt to influence decision-making processes at various levels of government.
In summary, a key characteristic of pressure groups is that they represent the interest of a specific section of society and work towards promoting and protecting those interests through lobbying, advocacy, and raising public awareness. They play a crucial role in democratic societies by ensuring that diverse perspectives and concerns are taken into consideration in the policy-making process.

Whom is the current chairperson of ECOWAS?

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President Bola Ahmed Tinubu has been elected the chairman of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). He was elected at the 63rd ordinary session of the ECOWAS Authority of Heads of State and Government in Bissau, the capital city of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau.

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The 1963 constitution in this context refers to the constitution of Nigeria. In this constitution, there was a list of powers that were exclusively reserved for different levels of government. These levels of government included the federal government, state governments, regional governments, and local governments.
The term "exclusively reserved" means that only the specified level of government had the authority to exercise these powers. Each level of government had its own specific set of powers.
The federal government had the highest level of authority and was responsible for governing the entire country as a whole. Some of the powers exclusively reserved for the federal government included defense and security, foreign affairs, banking and currency, and interstate commerce.
State governments had the authority to govern their respective states within the country. Some of the powers exclusively reserved for state governments included education, health care, transportation within the state, and land administration.
Regional governments represented a level of government that was unique to the 1963 constitution. These were created for specific regions within the country and had the authority to govern those regions. The powers exclusively reserved for regional governments varied depending on the specific region.
Local governments represented the lowest level of government and had authority over their respective localities within a state. Some of the powers exclusively reserved for local governments included provision of basic amenities like water supply, sanitation, and primary education.
To summarize, the 1963 constitution of Nigeria created a list of powers exclusively reserved for different levels of government. The federal government had powers that applied to the entire country, state governments had powers that applied within their respective states, regional governments had powers that applied to specific regions, and local governments had powers that applied to their localities.

Which of the following is the basic unit of a local government in Nigeria?

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The basic unit of a local government in Nigeria is the Ward.
A ward can be defined as a smaller administrative division or unit of a local government. It is typically made up of several communities or neighborhoods.
In Nigeria, a ward is responsible for the governance and provision of basic services at the grassroots level. It is the building block upon which a local government is established.
Wards play a crucial role in the democratic process as they are the smallest electoral unit where citizens vote to elect their representatives, known as councilors. These councilors represent the interests of the people within their ward in the local government council.
The primary purpose of a ward is to ensure effective representation and service delivery at the local level. It is responsible for addressing the needs and concerns of its residents and overseeing the implementation of development projects within the ward.
Wards are an essential part of local government structure in Nigeria as they promote citizen participation, local governance, and grassroots development. They provide a platform for communities to voice their opinions, seek assistance, and contribute to the decision-making process.
In summary, the ward is the basic unit of a local government in Nigeria. It serves as the foundation for local governance, representation, and service delivery at the grassroots level.

Jus Sanguinis is a principle that grants citizenship based on

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Jus Sanguinis is a principle that grants citizenship based on parental citizenship. This means that if either one or both of your parents are citizens of a particular country, you can become a citizen of that country as well. It doesn't matter where you were born or the length of your residency. The important factor is the citizenship of your parents. Jus Sanguinis focuses on the ethnic background and family ties, rather than the place of birth or how long you have lived in a country.

The Commonwealth of Nations was initially known as

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The Commonwealth of Nations was initially known as the British Commonwealth. It was a voluntary association of independent countries, primarily former territories of the British Empire, that had strong historical and constitutional ties to the United Kingdom. This name was chosen because the majority of the member countries were previously under British colonial rule.
The British Commonwealth was established in 1931 with the signing of the Statute of Westminster, which granted greater autonomy and self-governance to the dominions within the British Empire. The purpose of this association was to promote cooperation and friendship among member nations, while respecting their individual sovereignty.
Over time, the name of the organization was changed to the Commonwealth of Nations in 1949 to reflect the changing nature of its membership. The word "British" was dropped to recognize the diverse range of countries that were part of the organization, including those that never had direct colonial ties to Britain.
In summary, the Commonwealth of Nations was initially known as the British Commonwealth because it consisted mainly of countries that were formerly British colonies. The name was later changed to the Commonwealth of Nations to acknowledge the independence and diversity of its member states.

The civil service in Nigeria operates under the principle of

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The civil service in Nigeria operates under the principle of meritocracy.
Meritocracy is a system that places emphasis on individual abilities and qualifications when making decisions and appointments. In the context of the civil service, it means that individuals are selected for positions based on their merit, skills, and qualifications, rather than external factors like family connections or political affiliations.
This principle ensures that the most qualified and competent individuals are chosen to serve in the civil service, leading to an efficient and effective public administration. It promotes transparency, fairness, and accountability in the selection and promotion process. Meritocracy also encourages professionalism and discourages corruption and nepotism within the civil service.
By adopting the principle of meritocracy, the Nigerian civil service aims to build a capable and competent workforce that can effectively contribute to the development and governance of the country.

__________ was a major factor that contributed to the rise of the Sokoto Cliphate.

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The major factor that contributed to the rise of the Sokoto Caliphate was Islamic Jihad. Islamic Jihad refers to a holy war fought by Muslims in order to spread or defend their religion. In the case of the Sokoto Caliphate, it was a successful Jihad led by the influential scholar and leader, Usman dan Fodio.
Usman dan Fodio was a charismatic Islamic scholar who preached against corruption and decadence within ruling elites in Hausaland (present-day northern Nigeria). He called for a return to a purer form of Islam and sought to establish an Islamic state based on Islamic law (Sharia).
His teachings resonated with the common people who were discontented with the corrupt rulers and their unjust practices. Usman dan Fodio organized and led a resistance movement known as the Fulani Jihad, which aimed to establish a political and religious revival.
The Fulani Jihad, fueled by religious zeal and a desire for social reform, quickly gained support from various ethnic groups, including the Fulani pastoralists. The movement was successful in ousting the corrupt ruling elites and establishing a centralized Islamic government known as the Sokoto Caliphate in 1804.
Under the Sokoto Caliphate, Islamic law was implemented, education was promoted, and trade flourished. The Caliphate expanded its territories and exerted influence over neighboring regions, thereby becoming the largest and most powerful state in West Africa at the time.
In conclusion, the rise of the Sokoto Caliphate was largely attributed to the Islamic Jihad led by Usman dan Fodio. His teachings and the widespread support for his cause among the populace created the conditions for a successful revolution that resulted in the establishment of the Sokoto Caliphate.

The Oputa panel was established in Nigeria to

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The Oputa Panel was established in Nigeria to investigate human rights abuses during the military rule. It aimed to address the injustices and violations of human rights that occurred under military regimes in Nigeria. The panel was tasked with examining and documenting cases of abuses such as arbitrary arrests, torture, extrajudicial killings, and other violations of human rights that took place during the military era. Its purpose was to provide a platform for victims to share their experiences and seek justice, as well as to promote healing and reconciliation in the nation. The Oputa Panel played a significant role in shedding light on past atrocities and promoting accountability for the violations of human rights.

Nigeria shares its longest border with which West African country?

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Nigeria shares its longest border with Niger. The border between Nigeria and Niger is approximately 1,497 kilometers long, making it Nigeria's longest international border.

In a parliamentary system of government, the executive branch is

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In a parliamentary system of government, the executive branch is combined with the legislative branch. This means that the executive branch, which includes the head of state or head of government (such as a president or prime minister), is made up of members who are also part of the legislature.
In this system, the executive branch is not separate from the legislative branch. Instead, the executive branch is formed by the majority party or coalition of parties in the legislature. The head of government is usually the leader of the majority party or the leader of the coalition. The executive branch is accountable to the legislature and can be removed from power through a vote of no confidence in the legislature.
The executive branch is responsible for implementing laws, making decisions, and managing the day-to-day affairs of the government. It proposes laws, sets policies, and carries out the functions necessary to run the country. The members of the executive branch are usually elected officials who are chosen by the people through general elections or appointed by the head of government.
In a parliamentary system, the executive branch is not under the control of the judiciary. The judiciary is a separate branch of government that interprets laws and ensures their enforcement. The executive branch is independent from the judiciary and is responsible for enforcing the laws passed by the legislative branch.
To summarize, in a parliamentary system, the executive branch is combined with the legislative branch. It is formed by elected officials who are accountable to the legislature and responsible for implementing laws and governing the country. The executive branch is separate from the judiciary and not elected through popular votes.

A political party that advocates for social equality, workers' rights amd wealth redistribution is most likely aligned with which ideology

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A political party that advocates for social equality, workers' rights, and wealth redistribution is most likely aligned with socialism.
Socialism is an ideology that seeks to promote social equality by advocating for the collective ownership and control of resources and means of production. This ideology aims to address economic and social disparities by redistributing wealth and resources more evenly among the members of society.
Socialist parties often prioritize workers' rights, championing for fair wages, safe working conditions, and social welfare programs. They believe that by empowering workers and reducing income and wealth inequalities, society as a whole can benefit.
On the other hand, liberalism generally supports individual liberties and limited government intervention in the economy. While it might advocate for some social equality measures, it does not typically emphasize wealth redistribution to the same extent as socialism.
Conservatism generally favors traditional values and limited government intervention in the economy. It tends to advocate for a smaller role of the state and does not prioritize wealth redistribution or extensive workers' rights.
Libertarianism emphasizes individual liberty and limited government intervention in both social and economic matters. It opposes wealth redistribution and favors minimal state interference in economic matters. Therefore, it would not align with a party that advocates for social equality, workers' rights, and wealth redistribution.

What is the term for a system of government in which power is held by a small group of people?

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The term for a system of government in which power is held by a small group of people is oligarchy. In an oligarchy, a few individuals or a small elite group have control over the government and make important decisions that impact the country and its people. This small group usually consists of wealthy, influential, or influential individuals who hold the power and authority.
Unlike democracy, where power is ultimately held by the people, in an oligarchy, power is concentrated in the hands of a select few. The decisions made by this small group may not necessarily represent the wishes or interests of the broader population.
Oligarchies may exist in different forms, such as a military junta, where military officials hold power, or an aristocracy, where power is inherited by a specific ruling class. It's important to note that oligarchies can take many shapes and can be seen throughout history and in various countries around the world.
In summary, an oligarchy is a system of government where power is held by a small group of individuals, and their decisions greatly influence the governance and policies of the country.

Which of the following is an example of a public pressure group?

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An example of a public pressure group is Greenpeace.
Public pressure groups are organizations that aim to influence government policies and decisions by raising public awareness and mobilizing public support for their causes. They operate in the public domain and work to bring about positive changes in society.
Greenpeace is an international environmental organization that campaigns for issues such as climate change, deforestation, overfishing, and pollution. They use peaceful protests, lobbying, and research to create awareness and put pressure on governments and corporations to take action on these issues.
Public pressure groups like Greenpeace have a significant impact on shaping public opinion and influencing policy-making processes. They represent the interests of the general public and work to ensure that government policies align with environmental and social concerns. Through their advocacy efforts, they strive to bring about positive change for the benefit of the planet and its inhabitants.
Therefore, Greenpeace is an example of a public pressure group that works towards environmental causes and raises public awareness to influence policy decisions.

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In a parliamentary system of government, the head of government is typically the leader of the majority party in the legislature.
In this system, the citizens elect members of parliament or legislators who represent their interests and political parties. The leader of the political party that holds the majority of seats in the legislature becomes the head of government. This person is commonly referred to as the Prime Minister or the Chief Executive.
The head of government is responsible for leading the day-to-day operations of the government, making policy decisions, and implementing laws. This individual is accountable to the legislature and can be removed from power if they lose the support of the majority party or if a vote of no confidence is passed.
The head of government works alongside the head of state, who may be a ceremonial figurehead or have limited powers. The head of state is often a monarch or a president, and their role is primarily symbolic.
Overall, in a parliamentary system of government, the head of government is chosen based on their political party's strength in the legislature, rather than being directly elected by the people or appointed by the judiciary or head of state.

Which African country successfully resisted European imperialism and maintained its independence?

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Ethiopia successfully resisted European imperialism and maintained its independence. Ethiopia is the only African nation that was never fully colonized by the European powers during the scramble for Africa in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Here's why:
1. **Strong Leadership**: Under the leadership of Emperor Menelik II, Ethiopia developed a centralized government, modern infrastructure, and a well-trained military. His strategic thinking and diplomatic skills helped Ethiopia fend off colonization attempts.
2. **Battle of Adwa**: The Battle of Adwa in 1896 is a significant event in Ethiopia's history and African history as a whole. It was a decisive victory for Ethiopia over the Italians, who sought to colonize the country. The Ethiopian forces effectively used their superior knowledge of the terrain and strategic military tactics to defeat the invaders.
3. **Geographical Advantage**: Ethiopia's mountainous terrain and rugged landscapes made it difficult for European powers to conquer and control the country. This geographical advantage provided a natural barrier against invasion and offered the Ethiopian forces an advantage in defensive warfare.
4. **Unity and Patriotism**: Ethiopian society was characterized by a strong sense of national unity and patriotism. The people of Ethiopia shared a common identity and were determined to protect their independence and sovereignty. This unity was a crucial factor in resisting European imperialism.
In conclusion, Ethiopia successfully resisted European imperialism and maintained its independence through a combination of strategic leadership, military prowess, geographical advantage, and a strong sense of unity and patriotism among its people.

Conservatism is an ideology that emphasizes

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Conservatism is an ideology that emphasizes traditional values and institutions. This means that conservative individuals believe in preserving and maintaining established customs, traditions, and social structures. They prioritize stability, order, and continuity in society.
In terms of individual freedom and limited government intervention, conservatives tend to support minimal interference from the government in people's lives and economic activities. They believe in personal responsibility and self-reliance.
However, conservatism does not typically advocate for radical social change and progress. Instead, it favors a cautious approach to social change and seeks to preserve and protect existing social structures and norms.
Similarly, conservatism does not prioritize the equal distribution of wealth. Instead, it recognizes and supports the importance of economic inequalities, as long as they are the result of individual effort, talent, and merit.
In summary, conservatism revolves around preserving traditional values, limited government intervention, and societal stability, rather than advocating for radical social change or equal wealth distribution.

Civil servants are typically protected by

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Civil servants are typically protected by Civil service commission.
The Civil Service Commission is an organization that is responsible for overseeing and regulating the activities of civil servants. They ensure that civil servants are hired, promoted, and disciplined based on their qualifications and performance rather than favoritism or corruption.
The Civil Service Commission provides a framework of rules and regulations that govern the conduct of civil servants. These rules and regulations are designed to promote fairness, transparency, and accountability in the civil service.
Some of the key protections provided by the Civil Service Commission include:
1. Security of tenure: Civil servants are typically afforded a level of job security. They cannot be arbitrarily dismissed or removed from their positions without just cause. This protection helps to ensure that civil servants can perform their duties without fear of reprisals or political interference.
2. Equal employment opportunities: The Civil Service Commission promotes equal opportunity in the civil service. It ensures that civil servants are hired and promoted based on merit rather than discrimination based on factors such as gender, race, religion, or political affiliation.
3. Performance evaluation and promotion: The Commission establishes a fair performance evaluation system that assesses the performance of civil servants objectively. This helps in determining promotions and career advancement based on merit and performance rather than favoritism or personal connections.
4. Protection against political pressure and corruption: The Civil Service Commission protects civil servants from undue political pressure and corruption. It establishes procedures for reporting and investigating cases of corruption and ensures that civil servants are not victimized for exposing wrongdoing within the civil service.
Overall, the Civil Service Commission plays a vital role in protecting civil servants and ensuring the integrity and efficiency of the civil service. It helps to maintain public trust and confidence in the government by ensuring that civil servants are accountable, competent, and free from political interference.

Which constitutional amendment introduced the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria?

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The correct answer is **none of the above**. None of the mentioned constitutional amendments introduced the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria. The creation of the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria was not achieved through a constitutional amendment. Rather, it was a political decision made by the government in 1976 during the administration of General Murtala Ramat Mohammed. The aim was to promote balanced development, administrative efficiency, and foster unity among the diverse ethnic and cultural groups in the country. The six geopolitical zones are North-West, North-East, North-Central, South-West, South-East, and South-South. It is important to note that the geopolitical zones are not explicitly provided for in the Nigerian constitution. They serve as a framework for administrative convenience and the distribution of resources, but they do not have a legal or constitutional basis.

Which document serves as the constitution of the United Nations?

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The document that serves as the constitution of the United Nations is the Charter of the United Nations.
The Charter was signed on June 26, 1945, in San Francisco by 50 countries and came into effect on October 24, 1945. It established the United Nations as an international organization committed to preserving peace, promoting human rights, and fostering international cooperation.
The Charter consists of a preamble and 111 articles that outline the organization's objectives, principles, structure, and functions. It sets out the purposes and principles of the United Nations, which include maintaining international peace and security, promoting friendly relations among nations, and encouraging respect for human rights.
The Charter also establishes the main organs of the United Nations, such as the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the International Court of Justice, and the Secretariat. Each organ has specific roles and responsibilities to fulfill in order to achieve the goals set out by the Charter.
In summary, the Charter of the United Nations is the document that serves as the constitution for the UN. It sets out the organization's objectives, principles, structure, and functions, and it plays a crucial role in guiding the work of the United Nations in addressing global challenges and promoting peace and cooperation among nations.

Which of the following documents granted Nigeria its independence?

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The document that granted Nigeria its independence is The Nigerian Independence Act.
The Nigerian Independence Act was the legislation that officially granted Nigeria its independence from British colonial rule. It was passed by the British Parliament in 1960 and became effective on October 1st of that year.
This act recognized Nigeria as a sovereign nation and paved the way for self-governance and self-determination. It marked the culmination of years of struggle by Nigerian nationalists for independence and marked a significant milestone in Nigerian history.
The other options mentioned are not directly related to the granting of Nigeria's independence:
- The Lancaster House Agreement: This agreement, signed in 1979, was the constitutional arrangement that guided the transition from military rule to civilian rule in Nigeria. - The Atlantic Charter: The Atlantic Charter was a joint declaration issued by the United States and the United Kingdom during World War II, outlining their goals for a post-war world. While it promoted principles of self-determination, it did not specifically grant Nigeria its independence. - The United Nations Declaration on Decolonization: This declaration, adopted in 1960, emphasized the right of all peoples to choose their own government and pursue self-determination. While it supported the decolonization process, it did not directly grant independence to any specific country, including Nigeria.

Pressure groups primarily aim to

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Pressure groups primarily aim to influence public opinion through media campaigns.
Pressure groups are organizations or associations that seek to achieve specific goals or influence government policies. They operate outside of formal political institutions, such as political parties or government bodies. One of the main ways they try to achieve their objectives is by influencing public opinion through media campaigns.
These campaigns aim to raise awareness among the general public about specific issues or causes that the pressure group supports or opposes. They use various communication channels, such as newspapers, television, social media, and online platforms, to promote their message and shape public opinion in their favor.
By successfully influencing public opinion, pressure groups can put pressure on policymakers and politicians to take action or change their policies. They believe that by mobilizing public support, they can exert enough influence to persuade those in power to address their concerns or prioritize their interests.
However, it's important to note that pressure groups may also employ other strategies, such as lobbying, protests, or legal action, to achieve their goals. While some pressure groups may have a specific focus on promoting social equality and justice, or gaining political power and control, their primary aim is to influence public opinion through media campaigns to bring about the desired changes.

During the cold war, Nigeria's foreign policy was characterized by

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During the Cold War, Nigeria's foreign policy was characterized by Neutrality and non-alignment. This means that Nigeria chose to remain neutral and not align with any major power bloc like the United States or the Soviet Union.
Nigeria adopted a policy of non-alignment, which means it did not take sides in the ongoing rivalry between the two superpowers. Instead, Nigeria sought to maintain its independence and sovereignty by focusing on its own national interests.
This approach allowed Nigeria to pursue its own development goals, without being directly influenced by the policies and agendas of either the United States or the Soviet Union. It also allowed Nigeria to form partnerships and engage in international cooperation with a wide range of countries, regardless of their ideological leanings.
By adopting this stance, Nigeria aimed to promote peace, stability, and economic development within its own borders and across the African continent. This policy also allowed Nigeria to play a constructive role in resolving regional conflicts and promoting diplomatic relations with countries from around the world.
Overall, Nigeria's decision to maintain neutrality and non-alignment during the Cold War reflected its commitment to independent decision-making and its desire to pursue its own national interests without being tied to either of the major power blocs.