JAMB UTME - Economics - 2018
Question 1 Report
The coefficient of the price elasticity of supply is always_____________
Answer Details
The coefficient of the price elasticity of supply is positive. This means that as the price of a good or service increases, the quantity of it that is supplied will increase as well. Conversely, if the price decreases, the quantity supplied will decrease. The degree to which the quantity supplied responds to changes in price is what the coefficient of the price elasticity of supply measures. A perfectly elastic supply has an elasticity of infinity, meaning that even a small change in price will result in a large change in the quantity supplied. On the other hand, a perfectly inelastic supply has an elasticity of zero, meaning that the quantity supplied does not change in response to price changes.
Question 2 Report
The form of capital that is required for the day-to-day running of production activities is called?
Answer Details
Liquid or current capital is the type of capital that is required for the day-to-day running of production activities. They are also changed from one form to another examples are finished goods and money.
Question 3 Report
Consider the following statements:
1. Climate and availability of water largely determines the pattern of the population distribution.
2. Density of population helps in getting a better understanding of the spatial distribution of population in relation to land
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are correct
Answer Details
Both statements are correct. Climate and availability of water are important factors that can affect where people choose to live. Areas with a favorable climate and a reliable source of water are often more attractive to people, leading to higher population densities in those regions. On the other hand, areas with harsh climates or limited access to water may have lower population densities. Density of population refers to the number of people living in a given area. By understanding the population density in different regions, we can get a better understanding of how densely populated an area is and how the population is distributed over the land. This information is useful in a variety of fields, including urban planning, resource management, and public health.
Question 4 Report
The mean is the best measure of central tendency because it__________
Answer Details
The mean is considered the best measure of central tendency because it is a balancing point in an observation. Central tendency refers to the tendency of data to cluster around a particular value in a distribution. The three measures of central tendency are mean, median, and mode. The mean is the arithmetic average of a set of data and is calculated by summing all of the values and dividing by the number of values in the set. The mean is the balancing point in an observation because it takes into account all the values in a set of data and calculates their average. It is the sum of all the values in the set divided by the total number of values. Because the mean is based on all the values in the data set, it is less likely to be affected by extreme values (outliers) than other measures of central tendency, such as the median or mode. In addition to being a balancing point in an observation, the mean has several other advantages as a measure of central tendency. For example, it is easy to calculate and is a useful tool for comparing different data sets. It can also be calculated from incomplete data, which is not the case with other measures of central tendency. Overall, the mean is the best measure of central tendency because it is a balancing point in an observation and takes into account all the values in a data set, making it less likely to be influenced by extreme values.
Question 5 Report
Given the table, if the total budget of the country to be 100 million naira, what is the ratio of expenditure on manufacturing to agriculture
Answer Details
Total budget = N100,000,000
Portion of pie chart covered in degree = 360
Expenditure on manufacturing = x/N100,000,000 × 3600 = 360
3600x = 360 × N100,000,000
x = 360×N100,000,000/3600
x=N10,000,000
Therefore, the budget allocated to Manufacturing is N10,000,000
Total budget = N100,000,000
Portion of pie chart covered in degree = 720
Expenditure on Agriculture = x/N100,000,000 × 3600 = 720
3600x = 720 × N100,000,000
x = 720 × N100,000,000/3600
x = N20,000,000
Therefore, the budget allocated to Agriculture is N20,000,000
Ratio of expenditure on Manufacturing to Agriculture;
Ratio = 10,000,000:20,000,000
=1:2
Question 6 Report
When a union is composed of workers with the same skill , it is called____________
Answer Details
When a union is composed of workers with the same skill, it is called a craft union. This means that the union represents workers who have the same type of training or expertise in a particular craft or trade. For example, a union of electricians, plumbers, or carpenters would be considered craft unions. These workers often have specific skills that are honed through years of training and experience, and the craft union helps to protect their interests, such as negotiating better wages, benefits, and working conditions. By focusing on a specific skill, craft unions can advocate for their members' unique needs and ensure that they receive fair treatment in the workplace.
Question 7 Report
The study of Economics becomes necessary because of the______________
Answer Details
The study of Economics becomes necessary because of the "scarcity of resources". Economics is the study of how societies use limited resources to satisfy their unlimited wants and needs. Because resources such as land, labor, and capital are limited, and human wants and needs are unlimited, there is always scarcity. Scarcity means that people have to make choices about what goods and services they will produce and consume because they cannot have everything they want. Therefore, the study of economics helps to provide a framework for making decisions about how to allocate scarce resources in the most efficient and effective way possible to maximize benefits to society. In conclusion, the study of economics becomes necessary because of the scarcity of resources, which creates the need to make choices and allocate resources efficiently to satisfy the unlimited wants and needs of society.
Question 8 Report
The reduction in the value of a country’s currency in relation to the value of the currencies of other nation is known as____________
Answer Details
The reduction in the value of a country's currency in relation to the value of the currencies of other nations is known as "Devaluation". When a country's currency is devalued, it means that the value of its currency has decreased compared to the currencies of other countries. This can happen for a number of reasons, including a decrease in the demand for the country's goods and services, a decrease in the country's economic growth, or a decrease in the country's foreign reserves. A devaluation makes a country's exports cheaper and more competitive on the global market, which can help boost the country's economy. However, it can also lead to higher prices for imported goods, which can negatively impact the country's consumers. In simple terms, devaluation is when a country's currency becomes less valuable compared to other currencies.
Question 9 Report
The Economic Commission for Africa was set up by the_________
Answer Details
The Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) was set up by the United Nations (UN) in 1958. The ECA is one of the UN's five regional commissions and it was established to promote economic and social development in Africa. The ECA's primary objective is to provide research and policy analysis, as well as technical assistance, to African governments, with the goal of supporting their efforts to achieve sustainable and inclusive economic growth. The ECA also works to promote regional integration and cooperation among African countries, as well as to foster partnerships with other regions of the world. Therefore, the correct answer is the UNO.
Question 10 Report
The money paid per hour for work done is_________
Answer Details
The money paid per hour for work done is called a "wage rate". Wage rate is the amount of money an employee is paid for each hour of work. It's a basic unit of pay that reflects the compensation an employee receives for the time and effort they put into their job. The wage rate can be influenced by various factors, including the employee's experience, qualifications, and the type of work they do. It's important to note that wage rate is different from salary, which is a fixed amount of money paid to an employee for a set period of time, usually annually or monthly. A bonus, on the other hand, is an additional payment made to an employee in recognition of good work or as a reward for achieving a specific goal.
Question 11 Report
From the diagram shown, the optional point of production is_____________?
Answer Details
Question 12 Report
If the standard deviation of a given data is 8.2, find its variance_______________
Answer Details
The variance of a given data is the square of the standard deviation. Therefore, if the standard deviation of a given data is 8.2, the variance can be calculated as follows: Variance = Standard deviation^2 Variance = 8.2^2 Variance = 67.24 So, the variance of a given data with a standard deviation of 8.2 is 67.24.
Question 13 Report
The population density of a town made up of 50 square kilometer land area and 100 million people is________
Answer Details
To calculate the population density, we need to divide the total population by the land area. Population density = Total population / Land area In this case, the total population is 100 million and the land area is 50 square kilometers. So, Population density = 100 million / 50 square kilometers Simplifying the above expression, we get: Population density = 2 million people per square kilometer Therefore, the correct option is "2 million people per square kilometer".
Question 14 Report
The diagram below represents a production function. At which of the points does diminishing returns set in __________
Answer Details
Diminishing returns set in at point T in the production function. In a production function, adding more units of input (such as labor or capital) typically leads to an increase in output at a certain rate. However, as the amount of input increases beyond a certain point, the rate of output increase begins to decline. This is known as the law of diminishing returns. In the diagram, points R and S represent the increasing phase of the production function where output increases at an increasing rate as more input is added. However, at point T, the rate of increase in output begins to slow down, indicating that the law of diminishing returns has set in. Beyond point T, adding more input will result in smaller increases in output, and may even cause a decrease in output if the input becomes too excessive, as shown by point V. Therefore, point T is where diminishing returns set in, indicating the optimal level of input for maximum output.
Question 15 Report
The formula (index of export prices)/(index of import prices) x 100 is used to measure the____________
Answer Details
Term of trade refer to the rate at which a country’s exports exchange for its import. It is expressed as a relation between the prices a country receives for its export and the prices it pay for import. Term of trade is usually measured by this mathematical formula:
Question 16 Report
From the graph above the consumer will attain equilibrium at point_______________
Answer Details
Question 17 Report
The formation of cartels or monopolies in other to obtain better bargaining or deals from other countries is characteristic of which of the following?
Answer Details
The formation of cartels or monopolies in order to obtain better bargaining or deals from other countries is characteristic of countries producing the same or identical goods. When multiple countries produce the same or very similar goods, they may face competition from each other in the global marketplace. This competition can lead to lower prices and lower profits for all the countries involved. To avoid this, these countries may form a cartel or monopoly by agreeing to work together to limit production or fix prices. By doing so, they can increase their bargaining power and negotiate better deals with other countries or buyers. For example, the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is a cartel made up of oil-producing countries that work together to regulate the supply and price of oil in the global market. By working together, they can maintain higher prices for their oil and negotiate better deals with buyers. Overall, the formation of cartels or monopolies can be a way for countries producing similar goods to gain more control over the market and secure better economic outcomes for themselves.
Question 18 Report
A major determinant of the demand for a luxury good is____________?
Answer Details
Question 19 Report
An economy in which both the public and private sectors contribute to economic growth is a__________?
Answer Details
The correct answer is a mixed economy. A mixed economy is an economic system that combines elements of both the public (government) and private sectors. In a mixed economy, the government and private businesses work together to create economic growth and promote social welfare. In a mixed economy, the government is responsible for providing essential services such as healthcare, education, and infrastructure. The private sector, on the other hand, is responsible for creating goods and services that meet the demands of the market. This type of economy allows for the benefits of both capitalism (private enterprise) and socialism (public enterprise) to coexist. It allows the government to regulate and control certain aspects of the economy, while still allowing the private sector to operate and innovate freely. Many modern economies around the world are considered mixed economies, including the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom.
Question 21 Report
A country's budget allocation to various sectors of the economy is shown in the pie chart.
What is the ratio of expenditure of health to Agriculture?
Answer Details
Total budget =$7,200
Expenditure on Health = x/$7200 × 3600 = 600
3600x = 600 × $7200
x = 600×$7200/3600
x = $1,200
Therefore, the budget allocated to Health is $1,200
Expenditure on Agriculture =x /$7200 × 3600 = 800
3600x = 800 × $7200
x = 800 × $7200/3600
x=$1,600
Therefore, the budget allocated to Agriculture is $1,600
Ratio of expenditure on Health to Agriculture;
Ratio=1200:1600
=3:4
Question 22 Report
| X | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| F | 2 | 5 | 2 | 1 |
What is the median of the distribution?
Answer Details
When a group data is involved, cumulative frequency is used. The formula will be: Median=[(N+1)/2]th
For member of odd number items. That is, where N is odd
Median=([N/2]th + [N/2 + 1]th)/2
For member of odd number items. That is, where N is odd
Solution:
From the table, there are 20 members as indicated by the cumulative frequency. Since the members are odd (10) the median age will be ([N/2]th + [N/2 + 1]th)/2
Median=([10/2]th + [10/2 + 1]th)/2
=(5th + 6th)/2
The 5th member is 3 and the 6th member is on 3
Median=(3 + 3)/2
=6/2
Median = 3
Question 23 Report
From the table, Calculate the median___________
Answer Details
When a group data is involved, cumulative frequency is used. The formula will be:
Median=[(N+1)/2]th
For member of odd number items. That is, where N is odd
Median=([N/2[N/2+1]th)/2
For member of odd number items. That is, where N is odd
Solution:
| X | 8 | 10 | 12 | 16 | 18 | 20 | 24 |
| F | 2 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 6 |
| Cumulative Frequency | 2 | 3 | 7 | 10 | 13 | 14 | 20 |
When a group data is involved, cumulative frequency is used. The formula will be:
Median=[(N+1)/2]th
For member of odd number items. That is, where N is odd
Median=([N/2[N/2+1]th)/2
For member of odd number items. That is, where N is odd
Solution:
Question 24 Report
The factor of production that has the highest degree of mobility is__________?
Answer Details
The factor of production that has the highest degree of mobility is labor. Labor refers to the human effort used in the production of goods and services. It includes both physical and mental work, such as the work done by factory workers, managers, doctors, and teachers. Unlike other factors of production, such as land and capital, labor is not fixed and can move from one job or industry to another. Labor mobility is the ease with which workers can move between different jobs or locations. It is influenced by factors such as education, skills, training, and the availability of job opportunities. For example, a person with a degree in computer science can easily move from one technology company to another, and a nurse can work in a hospital or a clinic. The mobility of labor is important for the efficient functioning of the economy because it allows workers to move to industries and locations where their skills are in demand, which increases their productivity and wages. It also helps businesses to find the talent they need to grow and innovate, and it enables regions to adapt to changing economic conditions. Therefore, labor mobility is an important aspect of economic growth and development.
Question 25 Report
The privatization of public enterprises will lead to efficient management of resources in the economy. This statement can best be described as_____________
Answer Details
Question 26 Report
When a variable is associated with time period, it is_____________
Question 28 Report
Which of the following is an invisible item?
Answer Details
The invisible item in the list is "Banking services". In economics, visible items are tangible goods that can be physically seen and touched, while invisible items are intangible services that cannot be physically seen or touched. Petroleum services, processed rice, and processed milk are all visible items because they are tangible goods that can be seen, touched, and measured. On the other hand, banking services are intangible and cannot be physically seen or touched. Examples of banking services include providing loans, managing savings accounts, facilitating transactions, and offering financial advice. Therefore, banking services are considered an invisible item because they are intangible and cannot be physically seen or touched.
Question 29 Report
A country's budget allocation to various sectors of the economy is shown in the pie chart.
If the budget of the country was $7,200.00, how much is allocated to education?
Answer Details
The pie chart shows the budget allocation of a country. The total budget is $7,200.00. To find out how much is allocated to education, we need to look at the portion of the pie chart that represents education. Based on the options given, the amount allocated to education is $2,400.00. This means that out of the total budget of $7,200.00, $2,400.00 is set aside for education.
Question 30 Report
In the long run, all production factors are____________
Answer Details
In the long run, all production factors are variable. This means that in the long run, a firm can adjust all of its inputs, including labor, capital, and resources, to produce the level of output it desires. Unlike the short run, where some production factors are fixed and cannot be changed, the long run allows firms to make changes to all of their inputs, such as investing in new technology or equipment, hiring or firing employees, and even moving to a new location. For example, in the short run, a bakery may only be able to increase its production by hiring more workers or working longer hours, as its oven and baking equipment are fixed. But in the long run, the bakery could invest in new, larger equipment to increase its production capacity, as well as relocate to a larger facility or even open new stores. Therefore, in the long run, all production factors can be adjusted, making them variable, while in the short run, some factors are fixed, making them less adaptable to changes in production levels.
Question 31 Report
The following are types of capital except:___________
Answer Details
The different types of capital include: Fixed capital, which are assets not used up in the course of production. Circulatory or Working capitals are assets which are used up in the process of production Eg. Raw materials, fuel etc Social capital is the assets provided by the government that aid production. Examples include electricity, water etc.
Saving capital is not a type of capital
Question 32 Report
The privatization exercise in Nigeria is a move towards a____________
Answer Details
The privatization exercise in Nigeria is a move towards a market economy. A market economy is a type of economic system in which decisions regarding investment, production, and distribution are guided by the price signals created by the forces of supply and demand. In a market economy, resources are owned and controlled by individuals and private enterprises, rather than the government. In Nigeria's case, the privatization exercise involves the transfer of ownership and control of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) to private individuals or companies. This shift from state ownership and control to private ownership and control is a characteristic feature of a market economy. By reducing the role of the government in the economy, the privatization exercise in Nigeria is aimed at promoting competition, encouraging innovation, and improving efficiency in the management of these formerly state-owned enterprises.
Question 33 Report
When elasticity is zero, the demand curve is_____________
Answer Details
When the elasticity of demand is zero, the demand curve is said to be perfectly inelastic. This means that a change in price will not cause any change in the quantity demanded. In other words, no matter how much the price changes, the quantity demanded will remain the same. For example, if the price of insulin for diabetes treatment were to double, people who depend on it to survive would have no choice but to continue buying the same amount. This is because they cannot reduce their consumption of insulin, and therefore, the demand for insulin is perfectly inelastic. In terms of the demand curve, a perfectly inelastic demand curve is vertical, meaning that it is a straight line perpendicular to the horizontal axis. This is because, as mentioned earlier, the quantity demanded remains constant regardless of the price. So, when graphed, the demand curve will be a straight vertical line.
Question 34 Report
Efficiency of labour in a country is determined by the following except the____________
Answer Details
Efficiency of labour may be defined as the ability of labour to increase output without increasing the quantity of labour. Increase in efficiency is usually expressed in terms of increase in output of labour within a shorter period of time without any fall in the quality of goods and services produced. Factors which affect efficiency of labour include Education and training, attitude to work, working conditions of workers. However, total population is not a factor that affects efficiency of workers.
Question 35 Report
From the table, how many people scored above 6?
Answer Details
number of people who scored above 6=5+4+9+6
=24
Question 36 Report
Concentrating industries in one place is advantageous because there are gains in terms of_____________
Answer Details
External economies of scale are economies of scale which a firm enjoys by virtue of being in an industry or environment where for instance, similar firms are located, as this question asks about. They are still economies of scale though, so technically B could also be correct. This is one of those tricky questions.
Question 38 Report
Calculate the population density of Nigeria, having a total population of 180 million with a total land area of 923,768 sq km?
Answer Details
To calculate the population density of Nigeria, we need to divide the total population of Nigeria by its total land area. So, Population density of Nigeria = Total population of Nigeria / Total land area of Nigeria Plugging in the values, we get: Population density of Nigeria = 180,000,000 / 923,768 sq km Solving this equation, we get: Population density of Nigeria = 195 people per sq km (rounded to the nearest whole number) Therefore, is the correct answer. Nigeria has a population density of approximately 195 people per square kilometer, which means that on average, there are 195 people living in every square kilometer of land in Nigeria. This number is relatively high compared to some other countries, but it is important to note that population density varies widely depending on factors such as geography, climate, and economic development.
Question 40 Report
One of the major forms of migration that tends to create problem in all developing countries is that of___________
Answer Details
The major form of migration that tends to create problems in developing countries is rural-urban migration. This refers to the movement of people from rural areas to urban areas in search of better economic opportunities and a higher standard of living. There are several reasons why rural-urban migration occurs. In rural areas, there may be limited job opportunities, low wages, and a lack of access to basic services such as healthcare, education, and clean water. In contrast, urban areas offer more job opportunities, higher wages, and better access to services. However, rural-urban migration can create several problems. Firstly, it can lead to overcrowding and strain on urban infrastructure, such as housing, transportation, and public services. This can result in poor living conditions for migrants and contribute to the spread of diseases. Secondly, rural-urban migration can lead to social problems such as crime, poverty, and inequality. Migrants may face discrimination and difficulty integrating into urban communities, which can exacerbate social tensions. Finally, rural-urban migration can have negative impacts on rural areas, as it can result in a loss of skilled workers and a decline in agricultural productivity. This can have serious consequences for food security and rural development. Overall, while rural-urban migration can provide benefits for migrants in terms of economic opportunities and access to services, it can also create significant challenges for both urban and rural areas.
