(a)Lst five landforms found in the upper course of a river. (b) Highlight three differences and two Similarities between an alluvial fan and a delta.
(a) Five landforms found in the upper course of a river
V-shaped valley (deep, narrow valley cut by vertical erosion).
Interlocking spurs (projecting ridges the river winds around).
Waterfalls (and rapids where the river crosses hard rock bands).
Gorges (steep-sided rocky valleys, often below a retreating waterfall).
Potholes (circular hollows drilled into the rocky bed by swirling pebbles).
(Cascades and cataracts are also acceptable.)
(b) Alluvial fan and delta compared
Three differences
Alluvial fan
Delta
Forms on land, where a river leaves a steep highland and reaches a plain.
Forms at the mouth of a river, where it enters a sea or lake.
Deposition is caused by a sudden reduction in gradient/slope.
Deposition is caused by the check of the current on meeting standing water and flocculation.
Built of coarser materials (gravel, sand) and is usually cone-shaped in profile.
Built of finer materials (silt, mud, clay) and is often triangular or bird-foot in plan.
Two similarities
Both are depositional landforms built from river load (alluvium).
Both are formed where the river's velocity and carrying capacity fall sharply, and both have gentle, fan-like or spreading shapes crossed by distributaries.
(a) Five landforms found in the upper course of a river
V-shaped valley (deep, narrow valley cut by vertical erosion).
Interlocking spurs (projecting ridges the river winds around).
Waterfalls (and rapids where the river crosses hard rock bands).
Gorges (steep-sided rocky valleys, often below a retreating waterfall).
Potholes (circular hollows drilled into the rocky bed by swirling pebbles).
(Cascades and cataracts are also acceptable.)
(b) Alluvial fan and delta compared
Three differences
Alluvial fan
Delta
Forms on land, where a river leaves a steep highland and reaches a plain.
Forms at the mouth of a river, where it enters a sea or lake.
Deposition is caused by a sudden reduction in gradient/slope.
Deposition is caused by the check of the current on meeting standing water and flocculation.
Built of coarser materials (gravel, sand) and is usually cone-shaped in profile.
Built of finer materials (silt, mud, clay) and is often triangular or bird-foot in plan.
Two similarities
Both are depositional landforms built from river load (alluvium).
Both are formed where the river's velocity and carrying capacity fall sharply, and both have gentle, fan-like or spreading shapes crossed by distributaries.