(a) (i) Explain latent heat. (ii) State two factors that affect the rate of evaporation of a liquid (b) Explain each of the following observations: (i) On a...

(a)(i) Latent heat: Latent heat is the quantity of heat energy absorbed or given out by a substance during a change of state (for example melting or boiling) at constant temperature. The heat is used to change the arrangement/spacing of the molecules rather than to raise the temperature.

(a)(ii) Two factors affecting the rate of evaporation: (1) Temperature of the liquid; (2) Surface area of the liquid exposed. (Draught/wind speed and humidity of the surrounding air are also acceptable.)

(b)(i) Clay pot cooler than closed plastic container: A clay pot is porous, so water seeps to the outside and evaporates. Evaporation takes latent heat of vaporisation from the remaining water, cooling it. In the sealed plastic container no evaporation (or escape of vapour) can occur, so no cooling takes place and the water stays warmer.

(b)(ii) Faster cooking in a pressure cooker: In a sealed pressure cooker the steam produced raises the pressure above the water. Increased pressure raises the boiling point of the water above 100 °C, so the food is cooked at a higher temperature, which speeds up cooking.

(c) Two effects of heat on a substance: (1) It causes expansion (increase in size); (2) It causes a rise in temperature or a change of state. (Change in electrical resistance or chemical change are also acceptable.)

(d) Power of heater \(P = VI = 40\times12 = 480\,\text{W}\).

(i) Latent heat of fusion: Heat supplied to melt the body \(= P t_1 = 480\times1400 = 672000\,\text{J}\). This equals \(mL\):

\[ L = \frac{Pt_1}{m} = \frac{672000}{1.5} = 4.48\times10^{5}\,\text{J kg}^{-1}. \]

(ii) Specific heat capacity: Heat supplied in the extra 72 s \(= 480\times72 = 34560\,\text{J} = mc\,\Delta\theta\):

\[ c = \frac{34560}{1.5\times60} = 384\,\text{J kg}^{-1}\,\text{K}^{-1}. \]