(a) Describe how the floral parts of a named flower are adapted to wind-pollination. (b) Explain how each of the following behaviours in animals affects the...

(a) How the floral parts of a named wind-pollinated flower are adapted to wind pollination (for example maize or guinea grass)

• Large, feathery (branched) stigmas that hang outside the flower and expose a large surface to catch pollen carried by the wind.
• Long filaments with anthers that hang out (are versatile and pendulous) so that the pollen is freely exposed to and easily shaken off by the wind.
• Pollen grains are small, light, smooth and dry and are produced in very large quantities so that they are easily blown far by the wind.
• Petals are small, dull or absent, with no scent and no nectar, since insects are not needed for pollination.
• The flowers are often held high above the leaves and open before the leaves expand, so nothing obstructs the movement of pollen by wind.

(b) How each behaviour affects reproduction in animals

• (i) Territoriality: an animal defends an area (territory) against others of its own species. This ensures that the holder has enough food, space and nesting sites, reduces overcrowding, and secures mates, so that mating, egg-laying and the raising of the young take place successfully with less competition.
• (ii) Display: special courtship behaviours (colours, dances, calls, movements) used to attract a mate of the opposite sex. Display helps the animals to recognise, attract and select a suitable mate of the same species, stimulates the partner to be ready for mating, and so ensures successful fertilisation and reproduction.
• (iii) Seasonal migration: the regular movement of animals from one area to another at particular seasons. Animals migrate to reach areas with favourable conditions (food, warmth, safe breeding grounds), so that breeding, egg-laying and the survival and growth of the young take place under the best possible conditions.