A person who exercises regularly is more likely to have a lower risk of falls as they age due to improvements in which two fitness components?

Regular exercise reduces the risk of falls in older adults primarily by improving flexibility and muscular strength.

• Flexibility maintains and improves the range of motion in joints. As people age, joints tend to stiffen, which restricts movement and makes it harder to recover balance when stumbling. Exercises that improve flexibility (stretching, yoga, Pilates) help keep joints supple and allow the body to adjust its posture and foot placement quickly.
• Muscular strength keeps the muscles of the legs, core, and hips strong enough to support body weight, stabilise joints, and generate the corrective force needed to regain balance after a trip or slip. Strength exercises (resistance training, squats, lunges) directly counteract the age-related loss of muscle mass (sarcopenia) that increases fall risk.

The other pairs are less directly linked to fall prevention:

• Muscular endurance and reaction time are beneficial for sustained activity and quick responses, but they are not the two components most directly responsible for preventing falls.
• Speed and agility are sport-performance components rather than the health-related fitness components most relevant to fall risk in older adults.
• Body composition and cardiovascular endurance are important for general health but do not address the mechanical and structural factors (joint mobility and muscle force) that most directly prevent falls.