(a) Explain how each of the following factors affect feed formulation for farm animals: age of the animal; physiological state of the animal; purpose of kee...

(a) How each factor affects feed formulation

• Age of the animal: Young, growing animals need a ration high in protein for the building of body tissue, while older, mature animals need mainly an energy (maintenance) ration. The feed is therefore formulated with more protein for the young and less for adults.
• Physiological state of the animal: Pregnant, lactating or working animals need more nutrients (extra energy, protein and minerals) than dry or resting animals. For example, a lactating cow is given a ration richer in energy and calcium, so the formulation is adjusted to the animal's condition.
• Purpose of keeping the animal: The ration is matched to the product wanted. Animals kept for fattening are given a high-energy ration, layers are given feed rich in calcium for eggshell formation, and dairy animals are given more protein and energy for milk production.

(b) Five precautions to ensure good quality feed for layers

• Use wholesome, good quality ingredients that are free from mould and aflatoxin.
• Ensure the feed is well balanced in protein, energy, minerals and vitamins.
• Include adequate calcium for the formation of strong eggshells.
• Mix the ingredients thoroughly and uniformly.
• Keep the feed free from stones, dirt and toxic substances, and store it in a cool, dry place.