(a) What is planning? (b) Explain five advantages of delegation of authority.

(a) What is planning?

Planning is the management function of deciding in advance what is to be done, how it is to be done, when it is to be done and who is to do it, in order to achieve the goals of an organisation. It involves setting objectives and working out the best course of action to attain them. Planning is the first and most basic function of management on which the other functions depend.

(b) Five advantages of delegation of authority

Delegation of authority is the process by which a superior gives part of his authority and responsibility to a subordinate to carry out certain tasks. Its advantages include:

1. It reduces the workload of the superior manager: By passing routine tasks to subordinates, the manager is free to concentrate on more important and policy matters.
2. It ensures quick decisions and faster work: Since subordinates can act on the spot without always waiting for the superior, decisions are taken and work is done more quickly.
3. It trains and develops subordinates: Delegation gives subordinates the opportunity to gain experience and develop managerial skills, preparing them for higher positions.
4. It motivates subordinates: Being trusted with authority raises the morale, confidence and job satisfaction of subordinates, encouraging them to work harder.
5. It ensures continuity: Because subordinates are trained through delegation, the work of the organisation can continue smoothly even when the superior is absent, ill or has left.