(a) Explain briefly the following terms: (i) conservation (ii) endangered species. (b) State: (i) five reasons why conservation of forests is important; (ii...

(a) Explanation of terms

• (i) Conservation - Conservation is the careful management, protection and wise use of natural resources (such as forests, wildlife, water and soil) so that they are not exhausted or destroyed, and are preserved for the benefit of present and future generations.
• (ii) Endangered species - An endangered species is a species of organism whose population has fallen so low that it is in danger of becoming extinct (dying out completely) unless steps are taken to protect it.

(b)(i) Five reasons why conservation of forests is important

• Forests provide timber, wood, fuel, fruits, herbs and other useful products.
• They serve as a habitat and source of food for wildlife, preserving biodiversity.
• They prevent soil erosion and help to maintain soil fertility.
• They help to regulate climate and the water cycle, and reduce flooding.
• They purify the air by absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen (and serve as sites for recreation, tourism and research).

(b)(ii) Four ways forest reserves can be conserved

• Controlled (selective) felling of trees and enforcing laws against indiscriminate cutting.
• Reafforestation - replanting trees to replace those that are cut.
• Preventing and controlling bush burning.
• Creating forest reserves and game reserves, and educating the public on the value of forests.

(c)(i) Importance of decomposers in the ecosystem

Decomposers break down the dead bodies and waste products of plants and animals, releasing simple inorganic nutrients (such as nitrates, carbon dioxide and mineral salts) back into the soil and air. This recycles nutrients so that they can be re-used by green plants, and keeps the environment clean by removing dead organic matter.

(c)(ii) One plant and one animal decomposer

• Plant decomposer: a fungus such as Mucor (mushroom / mould), or bacteria.
• Animal decomposer: earthworm (or termite).