(a) (i) What is agricultural extension? [2 marks] (ii) State five demerits of co-operative societies.[5 marks] (b) (i) Discuss three effects of rural-urban ...

(a)(i) Agricultural extension

Agricultural extension is an informal, out-of-school educational service that teaches farmers improved and modern farming methods, carries the results of agricultural research to them, and helps them to solve their farm and home problems so as to raise their standard of living.

(a)(ii) Five demerits of cooperative societies

1. Poor and dishonest management can lead to loss or embezzlement of members' funds.
2. Many members are illiterate, which leads to poor record keeping and mismanagement.
3. Disagreement and lack of unity among members can break up the society.
4. Inadequate capital limits what the society can do for its members.
5. Delay in decision making because decisions are taken collectively (over-dependence on the society and undue government interference are also acceptable).

(b)(i) Three effects of rural-urban migration on agriculture

1. It causes shortage of farm labour because able-bodied young people leave the villages for the towns.
2. Farm output falls as farmland is left uncultivated or abandoned, leading to food shortage.
3. It leaves mostly the aged and weak to farm, so productivity and adoption of modern methods decline (cost of hired labour also rises).

(b)(ii) Three solutions to rural-urban migration

1. Provide social amenities such as good roads, water, electricity, schools and health centres in the rural areas.
2. Make farming attractive and profitable through mechanisation, credit, subsidies and good prices for produce.
3. Establish industries and create job opportunities in the rural areas to keep the youth on the land.