(a) ldentify specimen P, Q, and R. Specimen P; Specimen Q; Specimen R; %% (b) Name the part of the host where each of specimens P, Q and R can be found. (c)...

(a) Identification of specimens

• Specimen P: Tapeworm
• Specimen Q: Liver fluke
• Specimen R: Tick

(b) Part of the host where each is found

(c) Three ways specimen P (tapeworm) is adapted to survive in the host

• The head (scolex) bears suckers and hooks for firm attachment to the host's intestinal wall.
• The body is covered with a tough cuticle which resists digestion by the host's enzymes, and it secretes chemicals that protect it from these enzymes.
• It has many segments (proglottids), each with complete male and female reproductive structures allowing self-fertilization and the production of very many eggs, which greatly increases survival.

(d) Three effects of specimen Q (liver fluke) on the host

• It obstructs the flow of bile into the intestine and reduces the digestion of fat.
• It destroys liver tissue, causing liver rot.
• It causes malabsorption of nutrients, leading to emaciation, weakness and death of the host in heavy infestations.

(e) Four diseases transmitted by specimen R (tick)

1. Heart water disease
2. Red water disease (babesiosis)
3. Tick fever
4. Tick paralysis

(f) Four control measures for specimen R (tick)

1. Dipping the animals in acaricide solution.
2. Spraying the animals with acaricides.
3. Hand-picking the ticks off the animals.
4. Rotational grazing / paddocking, together with regular cleaning of pens and controlled burning of pastures.