(a) Give the products of the following reactions: (i) hydrolysis of simple proteins. (ii) alkaline hydrolysis of fats and oils. (b) A combustion tube was pa...

(a)

1. Hydrolysis of simple proteins produces amino acids.
2. Alkaline hydrolysis of fats and oils produces soap (the sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids) and glycerol.

(b)

1. The process is cracking. It is used industrially to convert large, less useful and less demanded hydrocarbon fractions into smaller, more useful fractions such as petrol and alkenes.
2. The broken pieces of clay pot prevent local overheating and provide a medium for more uniform heating in the combustion tube.
3. Pass each gas through bromine water, or expose it to bromine vapour. Hydrocarbon X decolourises the reddish-brown bromine water because it is an unsaturated hydrocarbon (an alkene), whereas methane produces no change.
4. Laboratory preparation of ethene
   Ethene is prepared by dehydrating ethanol with concentrated tetraoxosulphate(VI) acid at about 170°C. The ethene formed is collected over water.

Equation:

\[\mathrm{CH_3CH_2OH\ \xrightarrow[170^\circ C]{conc.\ H_2SO_4}\ CH_2{=}CH_2 + H_2O}\]

(c)

1. There is effervescence as sodium gradually dissolves. Hydrogen gas is evolved and it gives a pop sound with a lighted splint. Sodium propoxide is formed.
   
   \[\mathrm{2CH_3CH_2CH_2OH + 2Na \rightarrow 2CH_3CH_2CH_2ONa + H_2}\]
2. With excess acidified potassium heptaoxodichromate(VI):
   
   • Propan-1-ol is oxidised to propanoic acid, \(\mathrm{CH_3CH_2COOH}\).
   • Propan-2-ol is oxidised to propanone, \(\mathrm{CH_3COCH_3}\).
   The process is oxidation.