All the following are associate with rainfall in Africa except

The correct answer is option D: "on-shore movement of cold air". This is because cold air is denser than warm air, and as such, it tends to move towards areas of lower pressure. In Africa, the areas of low pressure are typically associated with the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), which is a belt of low pressure that circles the Earth near the Equator. The movement of the ITCZ, the convectional nature of hot tropical air, and the movement of moist air masses over higher ground are all factors that contribute to rainfall in Africa. However, the on-shore movement of cold air is not a significant factor in rainfall patterns in Africa.