(a) (i) Explain the term marketing channel. [2 marks] (ii) Outline the marketing channels for cocoa. [4 marks] (b) State three characteristics of land. [3 m...

(a)(i) Meaning of marketing channel [2 marks]

A marketing channel is the path or chain of intermediaries (middlemen) through which agricultural produce passes from the producer (farmer) to the final consumer.

(a)(ii) Marketing channels for cocoa [4 marks]

A typical channel for cocoa is:

Farmer (producer) → local buying agent/village assembler → licensed buying agent/commodity board → wholesaler/exporter → processor/overseas manufacturer → final consumer.

In short form: Producer → Middlemen (agents and licensed buyers) → Marketing board/exporter → Processor → Consumer.

(b) Three characteristics of land [3 marks]

• Land is a free gift of nature (it is not produced by man).
• Land is fixed in supply (its total quantity cannot be increased or decreased).
• Land is immobile (it cannot be moved from one location to another).

(c) Three agricultural extension programmes in West Africa [3 marks]

• Agricultural Development Projects (ADPs).
• Farm Settlement Schemes.
• Operation Feed the Nation (OFN) / Green Revolution programme.

(d) Four advantages of demonstration as an extension teaching method [4 marks]

• It shows farmers practically how a new practice is carried out, so learning is by seeing and doing.
• Results seen with the eyes convince farmers more easily and encourage quick adoption.
• It builds the confidence and skill of farmers in the new technique.
• It is suitable for illiterate farmers because it depends on demonstration rather than reading.