(a) Explain constitutionalism. (b) State four factors that can promote constitutionalism

(a) Meaning of constitutionalism

Constitutionalism is the doctrine or practice by which the powers of government and the conduct of rulers are limited by, and exercised in strict accordance with, the provisions of the constitution. It means limited government under the rule of law, where those in authority govern according to established rules rather than by arbitrary personal will, and where the rights of citizens are protected against abuse of power.

(b) Four factors that can promote constitutionalism

1. Existence of the rule of law: When all persons and authorities are subject to the law and equal before it, government power is kept within lawful limits.
2. Separation of powers and checks and balances: Dividing power among the legislature, executive and judiciary, so that each checks the others, prevents the concentration and abuse of power.
3. Independence of the judiciary: An impartial and independent judiciary can interpret the constitution, curb excesses of government and protect citizens' rights.
4. Free press and enlightened citizenry: A free press and politically aware citizens expose abuse of power and hold rulers accountable.
5. Free and fair periodic elections: Regular elections allow the people to change bad leaders and compel governments to act within the constitution.
6. Existence of an entrenched written constitution and fundamental rights: A clear, supreme constitution that guarantees fundamental human rights provides a firm standard against which government action is measured.