(a) Explain the following terms: (i) first aid... | WAEC SSCE - Biology - 1997 (Essay)

Question 1 Report

(a) Explain the following terms:
(i) first aid
(ii) artificial respiration
(iii) dislocation
(iv) haemorrhage

(b) (i) State three objectives of first aid.
(ii) Explain the procedure for administering the mouth-to-mouth method of artificial respiration.

Answer

(a) Explanation of terms

(i) First aid: the immediate, temporary treatment or help given to a person who is injured or suddenly taken ill, before the arrival of a doctor or before the victim is taken to hospital.
(ii) Artificial respiration: the manual or mechanical method of forcing air into and out of the lungs of a person who has stopped breathing, in order to restore normal breathing.
(iii) Dislocation: the displacement of a bone from its normal position at a joint, so that the ends of the bones are no longer in their correct alignment.
(iv) Haemorrhage: the excessive escape or loss of blood from a broken (ruptured) blood vessel, either internally or externally.

(b)(i) Three objectives of first aid

(b)(ii) Procedure for mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration

Lay the victim on the back and clear the mouth and throat of any obstruction (mucus, food, water).
Tilt the head backward and lift the chin so that the airway is straight and open.
Pinch the victim's nostrils closed with the fingers.
Take a deep breath, seal your mouth firmly over the victim's open mouth, and blow air steadily into the lungs until the chest rises.
Remove your mouth and let the chest fall (air comes out) while you take another breath.
Repeat the blowing at about 12 to 15 times per minute (steady rhythm) until the victim breathes on his own or medical help arrives.

(c)(i) Three signs of dislocation

(c)(ii) Two ways of stopping bleeding from an open wound

Apply direct pressure on the wound with a clean pad or cloth (pressure bandage).
Apply a tourniquet or press on the pressure point of the artery above the wound, and raise (elevate) the injured part above the level of the heart.

Answer Details

(a) Explanation of terms

(i) First aid: the immediate, temporary treatment or help given to a person who is injured or suddenly taken ill, before the arrival of a doctor or before the victim is taken to hospital.
(ii) Artificial respiration: the manual or mechanical method of forcing air into and out of the lungs of a person who has stopped breathing, in order to restore normal breathing.
(iii) Dislocation: the displacement of a bone from its normal position at a joint, so that the ends of the bones are no longer in their correct alignment.
(iv) Haemorrhage: the excessive escape or loss of blood from a broken (ruptured) blood vessel, either internally or externally.

(b)(i) Three objectives of first aid

(b)(ii) Procedure for mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration

Lay the victim on the back and clear the mouth and throat of any obstruction (mucus, food, water).
Tilt the head backward and lift the chin so that the airway is straight and open.
Pinch the victim's nostrils closed with the fingers.
Take a deep breath, seal your mouth firmly over the victim's open mouth, and blow air steadily into the lungs until the chest rises.
Remove your mouth and let the chest fall (air comes out) while you take another breath.
Repeat the blowing at about 12 to 15 times per minute (steady rhythm) until the victim breathes on his own or medical help arrives.

(c)(i) Three signs of dislocation

(c)(ii) Two ways of stopping bleeding from an open wound

Apply direct pressure on the wound with a clean pad or cloth (pressure bandage).
Apply a tourniquet or press on the pressure point of the artery above the wound, and raise (elevate) the injured part above the level of the heart.

(a) Explain the following terms: (i) first aid (ii) artificial respiration (iii) dislocation (iv) haemorrhage (b) (i) State three objectives of first aid. (...