Which of the following hinders the establishment of a representative government in a state?

Mass illiteracy hinders the establishment of a representative government in a state. This is because illiterate people may not have the ability to understand the complexities of governance and may not be able to make informed choices in elections. In addition, illiteracy may lead to a lack of civic education, which is essential for citizens to understand their rights and responsibilities in a democratic society. This can make it difficult for them to participate in the democratic process, including voting, and can result in the election of incompetent or corrupt officials who do not represent the people's interests.