Fig. 1 shows a sample taken from the lining of a smoker's windpipe. The surface cells have hair-like cilia. Beneath them are cells that make a sticky liquid...
Question 1 Report
Fig. 1 shows a sample taken from the lining of a smoker's windpipe. The surface cells have hair-like cilia. Beneath them are cells that make a sticky liquid. Dust and microbes entering the body are trapped before they can reach the lungs.
(a) Identify the cells labelled X. [1]
(b) Explain how the cilia and sticky liquid protect the lungs from disease. [3]
(c) Which organ system includes the windpipe and lungs? [1]
(d) Use the figure to give one effect of cigarette smoke on this defence. [1]
Answer Details
(a) Ciliated epithelial cells / ciliated cells [1] (b) Mucus traps dust and microbes [1]; cilia beat to move mucus toward the throat [1]; trapped material is swallowed / removed before reaching lungs [1] (c) Respiratory system [1] (d) Cilia are damaged / cilia cannot move mucus effectively [1]
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