(a) State four effects of specimen M (LIVER FLUKE) on farm animals (b) Name the primary and intermediate host of specimen M (c) State three adaptive feature...

(a) Four effects of specimen M (liver fluke) on farm animals

1. It damages and destroys the liver, causing liver rot (fascioliasis).
2. It causes loss of appetite, weakness and progressive loss of weight/condition.
3. It causes anaemia and general ill-health, lowering productivity (milk, meat).
4. Heavy infestation can lead to death of the animal.

(b) Primary and intermediate host of specimen M

• Primary (definitive) host: sheep, cattle or other ruminants (man can also be affected).
• Intermediate host: the (fresh-water) snail.

(c) Three adaptive features of specimen N (tapeworm) for survival in its host

1. It has hooks and suckers (a scolex) for firm attachment to the gut wall.
2. It has a thick, resistant cuticle that protects it from the host's digestive enzymes.
3. It absorbs already-digested food directly through its body surface (no gut needed) and is hermaphroditic with great reproductive capacity.

(d) Three control measures of each

M (liver fluke):

1. Drain/avoid grazing on marshy, waterlogged pastures.
2. Destroy the snail intermediate host (e.g. with molluscicides).
3. Deworm animals regularly with flukicides and quarantine new stock.

N (tapeworm):

1. Deworm animals routinely with anthelmintics.
2. Maintain good sanitation and dispose of dung/faeces properly to break the life cycle.
3. Cook meat thoroughly and inspect meat to avoid re-infection; control the intermediate host.