(a) What is a trade union? (b) Describe any four functions of trade unions. (c) Outline any two weapons used by trade unions to achieve their objectives.

(a) Trade union. A trade union is a voluntary association of workers formed to protect and promote the economic, social and welfare interests of its members and to improve their conditions of work through collective action.

(b) Four functions of trade unions:

• Collective bargaining for better wages. The union negotiates with employers on behalf of all members for higher pay and allowances, giving workers more strength than they would have singly.
• Improving conditions of service. It presses for better working conditions, hours, leave, safety and job security.
• Protecting members. It defends members against unfair dismissal, victimisation and exploitation, and represents them in disputes with employers.
• Providing welfare and education. It offers welfare benefits and training, and educates members on their rights and responsibilities.

(c) Two weapons used by trade unions:

• Strike action. Members withdraw their labour (stop work) until the employer meets their demands.
• Picketing. Members stand at the workplace entrance to discourage others from working or from doing business with the employer during a dispute.

Examination takeaway: separate the functions (what a union does routinely for members) from the weapons (pressure tactics such as strike, picketing, go-slow and work-to-rule used to force concessions).