(a) List four management practices carried out in poultry production. (b) Discuss four advantages of dehorning in cattle production. (c) State five marketin...

(a) Four management practices in poultry production

• Vaccination against diseases such as Newcastle and fowl pox.
• Debeaking to prevent cannibalism and egg eating.
• Culling of unproductive, sick or weak birds.
• Provision of balanced feed and clean water; brooding of chicks, regular cleaning and disinfection of houses are also carried out.

(b) Four advantages of dehorning in cattle production

• It prevents animals from injuring one another and their handlers.
• It reduces fighting and bullying, so timid animals can feed calmly.
• It allows more animals to be kept in a given space and makes handling and transportation easier.
• It reduces damage to hides and to housing/feeding equipment.

(c) Five marketing services in agricultural production

• Buying and selling (exchange).
• Transportation of produce from farm to market.
• Storage to make produce available all year round.
• Processing to add value and reduce perishability.
• Grading, standardization and packaging; financing and market information are also provided.

(d) Five problems of agricultural marketing in West Africa

• Poor transportation and bad road network.
• Inadequate storage facilities leading to spoilage of produce.
• Perishable nature of most farm produce.
• Price fluctuation and instability.
• Presence of too many middlemen who reduce the farmer's share of the price; lack of market information and grading also hinder marketing.