(a) List five sources of water pollution (b) Highlight five measures that can be taken to control water pollution

(a) Five sources of water pollution

• Industrial effluents and chemical waste discharged into rivers.
• Untreated sewage and domestic refuse.
• Oil spillage from tankers, pipelines and offshore drilling.
• Agricultural chemicals (fertilisers, pesticides and herbicides) washed into water bodies.
• Mining waste and thermal (hot-water) discharge; also dumping of solid waste.

(b) Five measures to control water pollution

• Treatment of waste: sewage and industrial effluents should be treated before being discharged into water bodies.
• Enforcement of anti-pollution laws: government should make and strictly enforce laws that punish polluters.
• Proper waste disposal: provide dumps, drainage and recycling so that refuse is not thrown into rivers.
• Control of oil spillage: maintain pipelines, monitor tankers and clean up spills promptly.
• Public education and controlled use of agro-chemicals: enlighten people on the dangers of pollution and encourage moderate, correct use of fertilisers and pesticides.

Other valid points: creation of buffer/protected zones around water sources, regular monitoring of water quality.