(a) What is an absolute majority system? (b) Identify any five disadvantages of the system.

(a) Meaning of an absolute majority system

The absolute majority system is an electoral system in which a candidate must secure more than half of the total votes cast (that is, at least 50 percent plus one vote) in order to be declared the winner, rather than merely obtaining more votes than any other single candidate. Where no candidate obtains such an absolute majority in the first ballot, a second ballot (run-off) is usually held between the two leading candidates, or votes are redistributed through preferential voting, until one candidate emerges with an absolute majority. It is designed to ensure that the winner enjoys the support of the majority of the voters.

(b) Five disadvantages of the system

1. It is expensive: The conduct of a second ballot or run-off election involves additional cost in money, materials and manpower for the electoral body.
2. It is time consuming and delays results: Where a second ballot is required, the declaration of the final winner is delayed, and governance may suffer during the interval.
3. Possible voter apathy and fatigue: Voters may become tired and reluctant to turn out again for a second round of voting, leading to low turnout.
4. It can lead to unhealthy alliances and horse-trading: Between the two ballots, candidates may enter into opportunistic and unprincipled deals with eliminated candidates merely to secure votes.
5. It may generate tension and disputes: The prolonged process and the run-off can heighten political tension, rivalry and the risk of violence.
6. It is complicated to administer: Especially where preferential or transferable voting is used, the counting and transfer of votes can be complex and confusing to ordinary voters.
7. It may still not reflect first preferences fairly: A candidate who led in the first ballot may lose in the run-off, which some voters view as unfair.