Explain why water in a narrow glass tube has a concave meniscus while mercury, in the same tube, has a convex meniscus.
The shape of a meniscus depends on the relative strengths of two forces: cohesion (the attraction between molecules of the same liquid) and adhesion (the attraction between the liquid molecules and the molecules of the glass).
Water (concave meniscus): For water in a glass tube, the adhesive force between water and glass is greater than the cohesive force between the water molecules. The water is therefore pulled up the walls of the tube, wetting the glass, and its surface curves upward at the edges to give a concave meniscus.
Mercury (convex meniscus): For mercury, the cohesive force between the mercury molecules is greater than the adhesive force between mercury and glass. The mercury therefore does not wet the glass; it is pulled together and depressed at the walls, so its surface bulges upward in the middle to give a convex meniscus.
The shape of a meniscus depends on the relative strengths of two forces: cohesion (the attraction between molecules of the same liquid) and adhesion (the attraction between the liquid molecules and the molecules of the glass).
Water (concave meniscus): For water in a glass tube, the adhesive force between water and glass is greater than the cohesive force between the water molecules. The water is therefore pulled up the walls of the tube, wetting the glass, and its surface curves upward at the edges to give a concave meniscus.
Mercury (convex meniscus): For mercury, the cohesive force between the mercury molecules is greater than the adhesive force between mercury and glass. The mercury therefore does not wet the glass; it is pulled together and depressed at the walls, so its surface bulges upward in the middle to give a convex meniscus.