(a) Define population census. (b) State the implications of (i) optimum population. (ii) over- population.

(a) Population census is the official counting of all the people living in a country at a particular point in time, together with the collection of information about them such as age, sex, occupation, religion and location.

(b)(i) Implications of optimum population. Optimum population is the population size that, given the available resources and technology, produces the highest output per head. Its implications are:

• Resources are fully and efficiently utilised, giving maximum income per head and the highest standard of living.
• The right balance exists between labour and other resources, so there is neither serious labour shortage nor surplus.
• Employment opportunities match the size of the working population, keeping unemployment low.

(b)(ii) Implications of over-population. Over-population exists when the population is larger than the resources can support, so output per head falls. Its implications are:

• Falling output per head and a lower standard of living because too many people share limited resources.
• High unemployment and under-employment as jobs are fewer than job seekers.
• Pressure on social amenities such as schools, hospitals, housing and water, leading to congestion.
• Increased poverty, food shortage and pressure on land, which may cause emigration and social unrest.