What are the positive and negative consequences of the Nigerian civil war (1967 - 1970)?

The Nigerian civil war, fought between the Federal Government and the secessionist Republic of Biafra from 1967 to 1970, had both positive and negative consequences.

Positive consequences

1. Preservation of national unity: The war ended in the defeat of secession and the reintegration of the Eastern Region, keeping Nigeria one indivisible country.
2. Policy of reconciliation (no victor, no vanquished): The Federal Government adopted a policy of reconciliation, rehabilitation and reconstruction which helped to reintegrate the Igbo and heal wounds.
3. Creation of states: The creation of twelve states in 1967 weakened the power of the old regions, calmed minority fears and brought government closer to the people.
4. Growth of the armed forces and national institutions: The war led to the expansion, modernisation and strengthening of the Nigerian military and other national institutions.
5. Rise of Nigeria's stature in Africa: Surviving the war and later using its oil wealth, Nigeria emerged as a respected power committed to African liberation and unity.
6. Boost to local industry and self-reliance: The blockade forced ingenuity and encouraged local production and technological improvisation, especially on the Biafran side.

Negative consequences

1. Loss of lives: Over a million people died from fighting, starvation and disease, especially children, in a great humanitarian tragedy.
2. Destruction of property and infrastructure: Homes, roads, bridges, schools, hospitals and industries were destroyed, especially in the war zones.
3. Economic dislocation: The war drained huge resources, disrupted the economy, caused inflation and diverted funds from development.
4. Bitterness, mistrust and disunity: It left behind deep ethnic suspicion, feelings of marginalisation and a legacy of distrust that still affects national politics.
5. Displacement and refugee crisis: Millions were rendered homeless refugees, and many families were broken up.
6. Entrenchment of the military in politics: The war strengthened the role and influence of the military, prolonging military rule.