Fig. 1 shows a simplified sequence of aerial observations made during an urban-enquiry study of Lumen City. The black area is built-up land. In 1995, the ci...
Question 1 Report
Fig. 1 shows a simplified sequence of aerial observations made during an urban-enquiry study of Lumen City. The black area is built-up land. In 1995, the city occupied the central square; by 2025, housing, workshops and a new ring road had spread onto former farmland. The fieldwork team used the figure in its resource booklet to consider why a growing percentage of people live in urban areas. The diagram is not to scale.
(a) Identify the type of land that has been replaced as the urban area grew. [2]
(b) Describe two changes shown in Fig. 1 between 1995 and 2025. [3]
(c) State three reasons why people may move from nearby rural areas to this city. [3]
(d) Explain how this pattern of urban growth could create environmental problems for residents. [4]
Answer Details
(a) The replaced land was farmland or agricultural land, which was rural land at the urban fringe. [2]
(b) The built-up area becomes larger and spreads outward from the central area. By 2025, a ring road has also appeared. [3]
(c) People may move from rural areas for more paid jobs, schools, hospitals and better water or electricity services. Low or unreliable farming income is also a push factor. Any three gain credit. [3]
(d) Replacing permeable farmland with buildings and roads reduces infiltration, increasing surface runoff and flood risk. More traffic causes air pollution. Construction removes habitats and green space, while additional people may produce waste and sewage beyond the capacity of local services. [4]
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