(a) Define esterification.
(b) State two properties of plastic.
(c) Name the components of duralumin.
(d) What is meant by each of the following terms?
(i) Raw material.
(ii) Primary product.
(e) State Charles' law.
(f) List four pieces of protective equipment in the laboratory.
(g) Give two uses of ammonia.
(h) Name the:
(i) process by which lighter hydrocarbons are obtained from heavier ones;
(ii) products formed from the reaction between ethanol and sodium metal.
(i) Determine the oxidation number of sulphur in H\(_2\)SO\(_4\).
(j) Write the IUPAC name for each of the following compounds: (i) NaClO\(_3\); (ii) CuSO\(_4\)5H\(_2\)O.
(a) Esterification is the reaction between a carboxylic (alkanoic) acid and an alcohol (alkanol), in the presence of a little concentrated H2SO4, to form an ester (alkanoate) and water.
(b) Two properties of plastic: it is light (low density) and a poor conductor of heat and electricity (also resistant to corrosion, mouldable, non-biodegradable).
(c) Duralumin contains aluminium, copper, magnesium and manganese.
(d)(i) A raw material is a naturally occurring substance from which useful products are manufactured.
(ii) A primary product is the product obtained directly (first) from processing a raw material.
(e) Charles' law: the volume of a fixed mass of gas is directly proportional to its absolute (Kelvin) temperature at constant pressure. \(\dfrac{V}{T} = \text{constant}\).
(f) Four protective items: safety goggles; laboratory coat (overall); hand gloves; nose/face mask (also fume cupboard, safety boots).
(g) Two uses of ammonia: manufacture of fertilizers; manufacture of trioxonitrate(V) acid (also as a refrigerant).
(h)(i) The process is cracking.
(ii) Ethanol + sodium gives sodium ethoxide and hydrogen gas. \(2C_2H_5OH + 2Na \rightarrow 2C_2H_5ONa + H_2\)
(i) Sulphur in H2SO4: \(2(+1) + S + 4(-2) = 0 \Rightarrow S = +6\).
(j)(i) NaClO3: sodium trioxochlorate(V).
(ii) CuSO4·5H2O: copper(II) tetraoxosulphate(VI) pentahydrate.
(a) Esterification is the reaction between a carboxylic (alkanoic) acid and an alcohol (alkanol), in the presence of a little concentrated H2SO4, to form an ester (alkanoate) and water.
(b) Two properties of plastic: it is light (low density) and a poor conductor of heat and electricity (also resistant to corrosion, mouldable, non-biodegradable).
(c) Duralumin contains aluminium, copper, magnesium and manganese.
(d)(i) A raw material is a naturally occurring substance from which useful products are manufactured.
(ii) A primary product is the product obtained directly (first) from processing a raw material.
(e) Charles' law: the volume of a fixed mass of gas is directly proportional to its absolute (Kelvin) temperature at constant pressure. \(\dfrac{V}{T} = \text{constant}\).
(f) Four protective items: safety goggles; laboratory coat (overall); hand gloves; nose/face mask (also fume cupboard, safety boots).
(g) Two uses of ammonia: manufacture of fertilizers; manufacture of trioxonitrate(V) acid (also as a refrigerant).
(h)(i) The process is cracking.
(ii) Ethanol + sodium gives sodium ethoxide and hydrogen gas. \(2C_2H_5OH + 2Na \rightarrow 2C_2H_5ONa + H_2\)
(i) Sulphur in H2SO4: \(2(+1) + S + 4(-2) = 0 \Rightarrow S = +6\).
(j)(i) NaClO3: sodium trioxochlorate(V).
(ii) CuSO4·5H2O: copper(II) tetraoxosulphate(VI) pentahydrate.
