(a) Explain the term authority. (b) What are the main sources of political authority?

(a) Meaning of authority

Authority is the legal or rightful power vested in a person or body to give commands, take decisions, enforce obedience and be obeyed by others. It is power that is recognised as legitimate, meaning the people accept the right of the holder to exercise it. Authority differs from raw power because it is backed by law, custom or general acceptance, so obedience is given willingly rather than merely out of fear. For example, a police officer directing traffic or a court passing judgment exercises authority.

(b) Main sources of political authority

1. The constitution and law: A written or unwritten constitution and the laws of the land confer authority on offices and office holders and define the limits of that authority.
2. Tradition and custom: In traditional societies, authority is derived from long established customs, usages and inheritance, as in the case of kings and chiefs who rule by birthright.
3. Charisma (personal qualities): The exceptional personal gifts, magnetism and leadership qualities of an individual can attract followers and confer authority, as with a popular revolutionary or religious leader.
4. The people (popular consent or election): In a democracy, authority flows from the sovereign will of the people expressed through free elections and mandate.
5. Delegation: Authority may be handed down from a superior body or officer to a subordinate, so that the subordinate acts with borrowed authority.
6. Religion: Divine or religious sanction can be a source of authority, as in theocratic states where rulers claim to govern in the name of God.