Study specimens L, M, N, P, Q, R and S carefully and use them to answer questions 4(a) to 4(d). (a) Name two specimens which can be used for the following: ...
Study specimens L, M, N, P, Q, R and S carefully and use them to answer questions 4(a) to 4(d).
(a) Name two specimens which can be used for the following: (i) transaction; (ii) protection; (iii) statement.
(b) Stating observable features in specimens L, M, N, P,Q and R, Suggest one reason each for the answers given in 4(a)i), (ii) and (iii) above.
(c) State. (i) two observable similarities; (ii) two differences between specimens P and R.
(d)(i) Sate how observable features of specimen M adapt the specimen to its functions.
(ii) Arrange specimens L, , N and S in the increasing order of complexity of the organism to which they belong.
(a) Two specimens for each function
(i) Reproduction: specimen P (Irish potato) and specimen R (cassava cutting) [also Q, the Hibiscus twig].
(ii) Protection: specimen L (goat skin) and specimen N (snail shell) [also M, the feather].
(iii) Movement: specimen M (quill feather) and specimen S (hind wing of cockroach).
(b) Observable feature and reason for each choice
Reproduction:
P (Irish potato): bears buds (eyes) that sprout to produce new shoots.
Q (Hibiscus twig): bears buds that sprout to form new plants.
R (cassava cutting): bears nodes with buds that sprout to produce new shoots.
Protection:
L (goat skin): a hairy, sheet-like covering that protects the body against mechanical injury.
M (feather): broad and smooth, it covers the body, prevents wetting and provides insulation.
N (snail shell): hard and calcareous, it protects the soft body of the snail.
Movement:
M (feather): the wing and tail feathers are flat and air-tight, providing surface for flight.
S (cockroach hind wing): light and flexible, providing surface for flight.
(c)(i) Two similarities between P and R
Both are modified stems.
Both bear buds used for vegetative reproduction (and both possess lenticels).
(c)(ii) Two differences between P and R
Specimen P (Irish potato)
Specimen R (cassava cutting)
Buds are buried in the tuber and covered by scale leaves
Buds protrude on the stem and are not covered
It is a swollen stem that stores food
It is a slender stem that does not store food
(d)(i) How features of specimen M (feather) adapt it to its function: the vane is broad and stiff, giving a large air-tight surface that withstands air pressure and provides lift during flight; the barbs are interlocked by barbules to keep the vane firm; and the quill (calamus) is light, hollow and waterproof, giving buoyancy and keeping the bird dry.
(d)(ii) Increasing order of complexity of specimens L, M, N and S: S (cockroach) → N (snail) → M (bird) → L (goat/mammal).
(i) Reproduction: specimen P (Irish potato) and specimen R (cassava cutting) [also Q, the Hibiscus twig].
(ii) Protection: specimen L (goat skin) and specimen N (snail shell) [also M, the feather].
(iii) Movement: specimen M (quill feather) and specimen S (hind wing of cockroach).
(b) Observable feature and reason for each choice
Reproduction:
P (Irish potato): bears buds (eyes) that sprout to produce new shoots.
Q (Hibiscus twig): bears buds that sprout to form new plants.
R (cassava cutting): bears nodes with buds that sprout to produce new shoots.
Protection:
L (goat skin): a hairy, sheet-like covering that protects the body against mechanical injury.
M (feather): broad and smooth, it covers the body, prevents wetting and provides insulation.
N (snail shell): hard and calcareous, it protects the soft body of the snail.
Movement:
M (feather): the wing and tail feathers are flat and air-tight, providing surface for flight.
S (cockroach hind wing): light and flexible, providing surface for flight.
(c)(i) Two similarities between P and R
Both are modified stems.
Both bear buds used for vegetative reproduction (and both possess lenticels).
(c)(ii) Two differences between P and R
Specimen P (Irish potato)
Specimen R (cassava cutting)
Buds are buried in the tuber and covered by scale leaves
Buds protrude on the stem and are not covered
It is a swollen stem that stores food
It is a slender stem that does not store food
(d)(i) How features of specimen M (feather) adapt it to its function: the vane is broad and stiff, giving a large air-tight surface that withstands air pressure and provides lift during flight; the barbs are interlocked by barbules to keep the vane firm; and the quill (calamus) is light, hollow and waterproof, giving buoyancy and keeping the bird dry.
(d)(ii) Increasing order of complexity of specimens L, M, N and S: S (cockroach) → N (snail) → M (bird) → L (goat/mammal).
