(a) Explain with examples the following types of production (i) Primary [4 marks] (ii) Secondary [4 marks] (iii) Tertiary [4 mark] (b) Give two reasons why ...

(a) Types of production.

• (i) Primary production. This is the extractive stage, obtaining raw materials directly from nature. Examples: farming, fishing, mining, lumbering and hunting.
• (ii) Secondary production. This is the manufacturing and construction stage, in which raw materials from the primary stage are processed or transformed into finished and semi-finished goods. Examples: baking bread, building houses, assembling cars and refining crude oil.
• (iii) Tertiary production. This is the provision of services (commercial and direct) that help move goods to consumers and satisfy wants. Examples: teaching, banking, transport, trading, nursing and insurance.

(b) Why primary production predominates in developing countries.

• Abundant natural resources and land. Developing countries are richly endowed with fertile land, minerals and forests, which makes extractive activity the easiest and cheapest to undertake.
• Shortage of capital and technology. Manufacturing needs large amounts of capital, machinery and technical know-how, which these countries lack, so they concentrate on the less capital-intensive primary activities.

(Other acceptable reasons include a shortage of skilled manpower, a small domestic market for manufactures, and a ready overseas market for raw materials, a legacy of colonial trade patterns.)

Examination takeaway: for each type give a clear definition and examples, and for part (b) explain why the reason leads to primary dominance rather than just naming resources.