(a) On an outline map of West Africa, mark and name the; (i) Kossou dam; (ii) Kainji dam (iii) Akosombo dam, (iv) river on which each dam is located (b) Hig...

(a) Identification of dams and rivers

As shown on the map above, the dams should be marked and named as follows:

• Kossou Dam: located in central Côte d’Ivoire, on the Bandama River.
• Kainji Dam: located in western Nigeria, on the River Niger.
• Akosombo Dam: located in south-eastern Ghana, on the Volta River.

(b) Ways climate affects dams in West Africa

• Amount and reliability of rainfall: Heavy and regular rainfall raises river discharge and fills reservoirs, improving the supply of water for hydro-electric power, irrigation and other uses. Low rainfall may cause water levels in dams to fall.
• Length of the dry season: A prolonged dry season reduces inflow into reservoirs. This can lower hydro-electricity generation, reduce water available for irrigation and limit navigation.
• High temperature and evaporation: High temperatures increase evaporation from the surface of reservoirs, causing loss of stored water, especially during dry periods.

(c) Advantages of dams to West Africa

• They generate hydro-electric power for homes, industries and commercial activities.
• They provide water for irrigation, making dry-season farming and increased food production possible.
• They promote fishing, inland water transport and recreation through the creation of large reservoirs.

Disadvantages of dams to West Africa

• Construction of dams and reservoirs may flood settlements, farmland, forests and mineral-bearing areas, leading to the displacement of people.
• During drought or prolonged low rainfall, low reservoir levels can reduce hydro-electric power output and cause power shortages.
• Dam failure or the sudden release of excess water may cause serious flooding downstream, resulting in loss of lives, destruction of property and crops.